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Water/Cement Ratio
The number of pounds of water per
pound of cement.
A low ratio means higher strengths, a
high ratio means lower strengths.
For NCDOT, the ratio depends on the
class of concrete, whether an air agent
is used or not, and the shape of the
stone - rounded or angular.
W/C Ratio Cont.
Example:
W/C = 0.500, and Water = 250 pounds
How much cement is needed?
250 / 0.500 = 500 pounds of
`````````````````````` cement
W/C Ratio Cont.
Example:
W/C = 0.500, and Cement = 600
pounds
How much water is needed?
0.500 X 600 = 300 pounds of water
300 pounds / 8.33 = 36.0 gallons
Water/Cementitious Problem
Cement Used in Mix – 436 pounds
Fly Ash in Mix – 131 pounds
Maximum Water – 36.0 gallons
Total Water – 33.5 gallons
Metered Water – 27.5 gallons
Free Water in aggregates – 50 pounds
Determine the design w/c ratio and the batched
w/c ratio
SOLUTION: Design W/C
Add Cement And Fly Ash:
436 + 131 = 567 pounds
Convert Design Water Into Pounds:
33.5 X 8.33 = 279 pounds
Plug Into Formula W/C = Ratio:
279 / 567 = 0.492
(carry answer to three places after decimal)
Batched W/C Ratio
Add Cement And Fly Ash:
436 + 131 = 567 pounds
Convert Metered Water Into Pounds:
27.5 X 8.33 = 229 pounds
Add free water 229 + 50 = 279 Lbs
279 / 567 = 0.492
W/C Ratio with Ice
Determine the W/C ratio if 68 pounds of ice
is used to lower the temperature of the
concrete.
The W/C ratio remains the same because
the quantity of total water does not change.
QUESTIONS
% Solids And Voids
In determining mix designs, you must
use an aggregate dry rodded unit
weight.
This weight is determined at the lab.
In the procedure for determining this
weight, only the coarse aggregate is
used.
Therefore, there is a % of solids and a
% of voids in the container.
Formula : % Solids & Voids
% Solids:
Dry Rodded Unit Weight
(Spec. Gravity) X (62.4)
The Answer Is Then Multiplied Times 100
To get % Voids:
Subtract % Solids from 100
Example:
Dry Rodded Unit Weight: 96.6 pcf
Specific Gravity Of Agg.: 2.80
3. (A) % Solid
88.6 = 0.508 X 100 = 51%
(2.79 X 62.4)
(B) % Void = 100 – 51 = 49%
PROBLEM SOLUTION
4. Wet Sand:
5.9 - 0.5 = 5.4% 5.4 / 100 = 0.054
0.054 X 1102 = 59.5 pounds
1102 + 60 = 1162 pounds (batch weight)
Dry Sand:
0.5 / 100 = 0.005
0.005 X 1102 = 5.5 pounds
1102 - 6.0 = 1096 pounds
PROBLEM SOLUTION
5. SSD sand weight ?