Learning Disabilities

LEARNING DISABILITY
• A disorder in one or more of the
basic psychological processes
involved in understanding or in using
language, spoken or written, the
disorder may manifest itself in
imperfect ability to listen ,think,
speak,read,write,spell or do mathe
matical calculations.
LD refers to a group of disorders that
affect a broad range of academic and
functional skills including the ability to
 Speak
 Listen
 Read
 Write
 Spell
 Organize information
 NATURE OF LEARNING DISABLED(LD)
Suffer from serious learning problems
or disorders for a number of reasons.
Their problems and disorders usually
manifested by significant difficulties .
They may exhibit symptoms of
hyperactivity.
Demonstrate the symptoms of
impulsivity.
They demonstrate the
symptoms of perceptual
motor deficits.
Suffer from emotional
problems .
LD is not apparent in the
physical appearance.
Hidden Disability
SPECIFIC LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
SPECIFIC LEARNING DIFFICALTIES

DYSLEXIA

DYSCALCULIA

DYSGRAPHIA
 Dys:
absence

lexia:
language
Absence of
language
 WHAT IS DISLEXIA ?

•A
language
and
reading
disability
• A Specific
learning disability
in reading is
commonly called
dyslexia.
• A student with
dyslexia may mix
up letters within
words and words
within sentences
while reading.
 Problems associated with
dyslexia
Do not have a good short term memory.
Reading,writing,spelling,maths,
confidence.
Dexterity, sequencing
Visual, lateral thinking
Self esteem/bad attitude
Attention span
Dyslexia can affect

Education

Health

life

career
 Signs and Symbols
• Reads slowly and painfully.
• Experiences decoding errors,
especially with the order of letters.
• Shows wide disparity between
listening comprehension and reading
comprehension of some text.
• Has trouble with spelling.
• May have difficulty with hand
writing.
• Exhibits difficulty recalling
known words.
• Has difficulty with written
language.
• May experience difficulty with
math computations.
• Decoding real words is better
than nonsense words.
• Substitutes one small sight
word for another: a, I, he, the,
there, was
 Strategies
• Provide a quiet area for activities
like reading, answering
comprehension questions.
• Use books on tape.
• Use books with large print and big
spaces between lines.
• Provide a copy of lecture notes.
• Don’t count spelling on history,
science or other similar tests.
• Allow alternative forms for book
reports.
• Allow the use of a laptop or other
computer for in-class essays.
• Use multi-sensory teaching
methods.
• They may be asked to help in the
reading task.
• They may be some well thought
attempt.
• There must be structured formats.
• Attempt should be made to make use
of behavioral and psycho-analytic
approach.
WHAT IS DISCALCULIYA ?
Problems with
arithmetic and
math concept.
• It is
characterized by
an inability to
understand
simple number
concepts .
 Signs &Symptoms
•Shows difficulty understanding
concepts of place value, and
quantity, number lines, positive
and negative value, carrying
and borrowing
•Has difficulty understanding
and doing word problems
• Has difficulty sequencing information or
events
• Exhibits difficulty using steps involved in
math operations
• Shows difficulty understanding fractions
• Is challenged making change and
handling money
• Displays difficulty recognizing patterns
when adding, subtracting, multiplying, or
dividing
• Has difficulty putting language to
math processes.
• Has difficulty understanding concepts
related to time such as days, weeks,
months, seasons, quarters, etc.
• Exhibits difficulty organizing problems
on the page, keeping numbers lined
up, following through on long division
problems.
 Strategies
• Allow use of fingers and scratch
paper
• Use diagrams and draw math
concepts
• Provide peer assistance
• Suggest use of graph paper
• Suggest use of colored pencils to
differentiate problems
• Work with manipulative
• Draw pictures of word problems
• Use mnemonic devices to learn
steps of a math concept
• Use rhythm and music to teach
math facts and to set steps to a
beat
• Schedule computer time for the
student for drill and practice
DISGRAPHIA
WHAT IS DISGRAPHIYA ?
A Writing
disorder
resulting in
illegibility.
 DYSGRAPHIA

“Learning disability that

affect writing, which
requires a complex set of
motor and information
processing skill.’’
• Dysgraphia makes the act of
writing difficult. It can lead to
problems with spelling ,poor
hand writing and putting
thoughts on paper.’’
•Hand writing problems is
technologically known as
dysgraphia.
 CHARECTERISTICS
Hand writing include-reversals ,
spelling errors.
Normal levels of intelligence ,no
problems expressing themselves
verbally.
Individual fail to develop normal
connections among different brain
regions needed for writing.
 Signs and symptoms
• May have illegible printing and
cursive writing.
• Shows inconsistencies: mixtures of
print and cursive, upper and lower
case, or irregular sizes, shapes or
slant of letters.
• Has unfinished words or letters,
omitted words.
• Inconsistent spacing between
words and letters.
• Exhibits strange wrist, body or
paper position.
• Has difficulty pre-visualizing letter
formation.
• Copying or writing is slow or
labored.
• Shows poor spatial planning
on paper.
• Has cramped or unusual
grip/may complain of sore
hand.
• Has great difficulty thinking
and writing at the same time.
• Irregular letter sizes.
• Mixture of upper and lower case
letters.
• Causes writing fatigue.
• Interfere with communication of
ideas in writing.
• Resulting in unfinished letters and
letter inconsistencies.
 Strategies
• Using manipulative exercise to strengthen
muscles.
• Helping them learn a proper position.
• The paper should not be kept slant while
writing.
• The writing instrument should be held
between thumb and middle finger with
index finger applying pressure.
• Tape alphabet forms to the floor and
task them to reproduce the forms with
colored chalk.
• Ask the children to form letters in wet ,
fingerprint or in sand.
• Try to help the children in building some
useful associations for the shape of letter.
• They should be helped actively just like
supporting their hands and providing
them due direction.
• The children should be given
sufficient practice and help for
writing in straight lines.
• Use good quality of ink , paper and
pencil.
• They should be made to write legibly
• They should not be any over writing.
 SPECIALSED APPROACHES FOR
LEARNING DISABILITY
Behavior Approach
Psycho-analytic Approach
Individual Instructional Approach
Self-instructional Approach
Technological Approach
Some Greats who
had Learning
Disabilities
WHOOPI GOLDBERG
DANIEL RED CLIFFEE
MICHAEL PHILIPS