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5th Groups

Member of groups :
1. Mayang Novikayanti (161101025)
2. Melinda Mega P (161101026)
3. Moch. Nur Kholis M. H. (161101027)
4. Mukhrodi (161101028)
5. Nazuan Jesica E. (161101029)
6. Nisfi Badriyahtul L. (161101030)
7. Yusuf wiyono (161101050)
1. Anatomy physiology of human body
2. Medical records
3. Nursing work in the ward
4. Nursing intervation
5. Medical devices
6. Nursing assessement of diagnose
7. Dietary programs
8. Walking aids
Human Body Parts and
Systems
 When we look ourselves in a mirror, we
could name our body parts like head,
neck, chest, abdomen, trunk, hands, legs,
feet. Each of the body parts is framed by
the fundamental unit of life called cells.
The build-up of our organs would be like Cell ->
Tissue -> Organs -> Organ System -> Organism.
Anatomy of body parts:
Human Physiology
 It is referred to the physical, mechanical, and
biochemical function of humans. This study lays the
foundation stone of modern medicine. This connects
health, medicine, and science in the way that studies
how the human body is acquainted itself to physical
activity, stress, and diseases.
 The person who is trained to study Human
physiology is called a Physiologist. Herman
Boerhaave is referred to as the father of physiology
for his exemplary research and teaching during 1708.
Circulatory system

 The circulatory system is also referred to as the
cardiovascular system. It comprises the heart
and all the blood vessels: arteries, capillaries,
and veins. It is called as the “transportation
system” that helps to transfer oxygen,
nutrients, fuels, waste product, circulating
blood from one body part to another etc. The
heart’s primary work is to carry the blood to
move from tissues to blood vessels and back.
Digestive system
The organs related to digestive
system are:
 Mouth
 Teeth
 Tongue
 Stomach.
 Esophagus.
 Liver.
 Pancreas.
 Gastrointestinal Tract – Small and Large
Intestine and Rectum
Human Reproductive System
The female reproductive
system:
 Ovaries : Produces ovum – female egg as well as
the hormone estrogen.
 Uterine tubes: Oviducts or fallopian tubes are the
other names given for uterus tubes. Popularly
known as the womb, the Uterus is the pear-shaped
organ that is considered as the home for the fetus
to grow. The cervix is the route to vagina and
gateway for sperm to enter.
 Vagina acts as the route for a penis to enter during
intercourse as well as the fetus to deliver.
The Male reproductive body
parts are:
 The male reproductive system consists testicles as
one of the prime members that act as a storehouse
of sperms. These oval-shaped organs are a encased in
a pouch that is called scrotum. Next to testis is the
vas deferens that are the accessory ducts for the
male sexual system. When sperm is formed, it is
mixed with fluids that are produced by seminal
glands, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland. The main
purpose of Cowper gland is to hike the semen volume
and lubrication during coitus.
Respiratory System
 Respiratory organs take care of the entire
respiratory process that involves intake of oxygen
and exhale of carbon dioxide among the organisms
and environment. This system is also known as the
ventilatory system or respiratory apparatus.
 Respiration starts with the cycle of inhalation and
exhalation. By inhalation, we mean the passage
from where the oxygen enters into the body and by
exhalation we mean the passage through which
carbon dioxide exits from the human system
respiratory organs include
 Trachea,
 Bronchi,
 Bronchioles,
 Lungs
 Diaphragm
 By diffusion, molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen
are exchanged passively among the blood cells and
external environment. This swap is done through
alveoli (which are the air sacks) in the lungs.
Nervous System
 The voluntary and involuntary actions are
maintained and taken care by the central
nervous system. It helps to channel the
signals to and from different parts of our
body. Nervous System is broadly classified
into two categories :
 Central Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous system
consists of:
 The forebrain: It comprises of the cerebrum,
hypothalamus, and thalamus. The largest part of the
brain is the cerebrum. Thinking, perceiving,
controlling motor function, receiving and processing
information and understanding language are the
main functions done by this section of the brain.Also,
the sexual development and emotions functions are
attached to the forebrain.
 The Midbrain: It is situated between the hypothalamus
and thalamus. The brain stem is associated with
midbrain. Auditory and visual responses are controlled
by midbrain.
 The Hindbrain: The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are
together tied in the hindbrain. Interconnections of
different parts of the brain’s surface that helps to
accommodate neurons and connect them to spinal
column are done by the Hindbrain.
The peripheral nervous
system consists of:
 Somatic nervous system: The system’s main
purpose is to transmit the impulses from
skeletal muscles to CNS and back. The best
examples might be of the olfactory system, a
sensory system like optic etc. The spinal nerves
are considered as the merging point.
 Autonomic Nervous System: The system helps
to relay impulse from central nervous system to
smooth muscles and involuntary organs.
Preparation of the body against any violent
attack or abnormal conditions are taken care by
the system.
MEDICAL RECORD

• Medical records are documents that


contain sufficient information to find
patients, support diagnoses, justify
treatments, documents and outcomes,
and the development of healthcare
providers' services.
Medical records provide facilities for health

care professionals, patients, insurance

companies, governments, lawyers, and

researchers.
previous medical history is an emerging

symptom, which means that the diagnosis

can cause arthritis in the coming years.


The purpose of the medical record is:

• To facilitate patient care

• Serve as a financial and legal record

• Aid in clinical research

• Support decision analysis

• Guide professional and organizational performance


improvement
The medical record may tell the hospital to know its
level of infection, whether one device is more effective,
or which type of device is more efficacious in finding a
disease or condition. Without medical records, will not
be able to make medical progress very well.
Medical records are a necessity for all of the
stakeholders in health care. It is difficult to conceive
of a health care situation in which we could do
without them, although there are no doubt places in
the world where that does happen.
THE NURSE’S ROLE IN
HOSPITAL WARD
One of the nurse’s role in hospital ward is the ward
rounds. Ward rounds are an essential aspect of good-
quality care with nurses playing a vital, central role
and a crucial aspect of acute care, but nurses’
involvement varies. While their responsibilities on
ward rounds may vary from ward to ward, nurses
have a vital role to play and should make it a priority
to attend
5 Key Points Of The Nurse’s Role In Hospital
Ward Around
1. Ward rounds provide a link between patients’ admission
to hospital and their discharge or transfer elsewhere
2. Nurses have a vital role in ward rounds and should make
it a priority to attend
3. Ensuring patients/carers are fully involved in care decisi
ons is a nursing responsibility
4. When patients are transferred or discharged, nurses ens
ure information is communicated to the next stage in th
e pathway
5. A rushed round or one with no nurse present will have a
negative effect on the team
The key aspects of the nurse’s role on ward rounds
can be defined using the acronym ACTION

1. Advocate;
2. Chaperone;
3. Transitions;
4. Informative;
5. Organiser;
6. Nurse-centred.
Advocate
As members of the ward team attending the round,
nurses need to know their patients. “Knowing”
arises from taking a nursing handover and looking
after a group of patients, so handovers and ward
rounds are inextricably linked if nurses are to
successfully represent those patients in their care
(Jugessur and Iles, 2009)
Chaperone
As with any other examination or
intervention, protecting patients’ dignity and
privacy is a priority for nurses during ward
rounds (Lambert, 2010).
Transitions

The need to minimise the length of inpatient stays


means there has never been greater emphasis on
patient progress along the care pathway. Multiple
hand-overs during transitions between wards or
between acute, intermediate and community care can
lead to care being fragmented. The continuity and
safe transition of information between care settings
depends on the nurses who participate in the ward
round, making sure all relevant information is
communicated to the next stage of the pathway
(Hindmarsh and Lees, 2012).
Informative

Nurses also play a crucial role in ensuring patients


have realistic expectations of ward rounds, and
receive and understand all the relevant information
about their care
Nurse-centered

Nurses at the bedside during ward rounds must be


clinically competent to understand and anticipate
the complexities of multifaceted patient situations,
and able to view the patient and carer situation
holistically rather than as a series of unrelated tasks
A nursing Intervention is defined as “A single nursing
action, treatment, procedure, activity, or service
designed to achieve an outcome of a nursing or
medical diagnosis for which the nurse is accountable’
(Saba, 2007)
 A 38 year old male presents to the ER. He states he has
been having blurry vision, extreme thirst, and frequent
urination since last Sunday night after he attended a
Super Bowl Party. It is now Tuesday. He stated that since
yesterday morning he has been vomiting. Pt states he
has been a type 1 diabetic since he was 5 years old. He
states he finds being a diabetic an inconvenience and
hardly ever checks his sugar and only occasionally will
he give himself insulin injections.
 Pt VS: HR 106, BP 108/68, O2 Sat 97% on RA 25,
On assessment, pt eyes look sunken, skin turgor
greater than 3 seconds, breath smells fruity, and
pt skin looks dry and flushed. Pt takes the
following medications: Neurontin 300mg PO BID,
Lortab 10-325mg 1-2 Tabs every 6 hours as
needed for pain, Metformin 1000 mg PO BID,
Regular Insulin per sliding scale with meals (pt
states he only does this occasionally), Levemir 35
units subq at night (pt states he hasn’t taken this
in over 2 months). Lab work: Glucose 636, K+ 2.9.
 Nursing Diagnosis :
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance related to diabetes as evidence
by Glucose 636 and K+ 2.9.

 Subjective Data :
He states he has been having blurry vision, extreme thirst, and
frequent urination since last Sunday night after he attended a
Super Bowl Party. He stated that since yesterday morning he
has been vomiting. Pt states he has been a type 1 diabetic
since he was 5 years old. He states he finds being a diabetic an
inconvenience and hardly ever checks his sugar and only
occasionally will he give himself insulin injections. Regular
Insulin per sliding scale with meals (pt states he only does this
occasionally), Levemir 35 units subq at night (pt states he
hasn’t taken this in over 2 months).
 Objective Data:
VS: HR 106, BP 108/68, O2 Sat 97% on RA 25, On
assessment, pt eyes look sunken, skin turgor
greater than 3 seconds, breath smells fruity, and
pt skin looks dry and flushed. Pt takes the
following medications: Neurontin 300mg PO BID,
Lortab 10-325mg 1-2 Tabs every 6 hours as
needed for pain, Metformin 1000 mg PO BID. Lab
work: Glucose 636, K+ 2.9
Nursing Outcomes :
• Pt’s Blood Glucose will be 80-150 within 24
hours.
• Pt K+ Level will be 3.5-5.0 within 12 hours.
• Pt will verbalize 4 long-term side effects of un-
managed diabetes by discharge.
• Pt will demonstrated to the RN how to take his
blood sugar and how to get himself insulin
injections by discharge.
 Nursing Interventions:
 Pt will be started on an Insulin gtt and blood
sugars will be check every hour per md order until
pt’s blood sugars are 80-150.-Pt will be given
potassium supplementation per md order and a
BMP will be drawn 1 hour after potassium
supplementation is given to check K+.
 The nurse will verbalize and provide printed
material to pt on the side effects of un-managed
diabetes.
 The nurse will demonstrate to the pt how to check
blood sugars and give insulin injections properly
and will ask the patient to reciprocate.
1. Warm Water Zak (Beld.)
Hot Water Botle (Ing)
Function : To Compress Hot

2. Ijskap (Beld.) Ice Bag (Ing.)


Eskap (Ind.)
Fuction : To Compress Cold
3. Pomp (Beld.) Breast Pump
And Relieve (Ing.) Pompa Susu
(Ind.)
Fuction : To Help Pump Milk Out Of
The Breast Of A Woman Who Is
Breastfeeding.
4. Tapelhoed atau
Tapelhoedje
(Beld.) Nipple Shield (Ing.)
Fuction : to protect the
scratched nipples during
breastfeeding so that the baby
can suck the milk through the
tool
5. Windring (Beld.) Air Cusion (Ing.)
Fuction : As A Seat In Patients With Hemorrhoids /
Hemorrhoid

6. Colostomy Bag
Fuction : To Accommodate Feces In Patients After Colon
Surgery (Artificial Intestinal Surgery Through Muscle And
Abdominal Skin)
7. Urinal
Fuction : To Accommodate Urine In Patients
Who Can Not / Can To The Toilet
To Boy To Girl

8. Bedpan
Fuction : To Accommodate
Feces In Patients Who Can
Not / Can To The Toilet
9. Pus Basin, Emesis Basin
Fuction : To Accommodate
Vomiting, Pus, Cotton Scrap
Etc.

10. Urine Bag


Fuction : to contain urine
associated with Balloon
Cathether / Foley Cathether
for removing / removing urine
in a closed system
11. Cathether
Fuction : To Output /
Input Urine

12. Gloves
Fuction : to protect the
hands from the
influence of the
surrounding
environment
WING NEEDLE
FUCTION : AS AN EXTENSION OF THE VEIN
FOR ADMINISTRATION OF INTRAVENOUS
FLUIDS OR LONG-TERM INTRA-VENOUS
DRUGS.
13. Feeding Tube
Fuction : For
Nutritional / Fluid
Feeding Through The
Mouth Or Nose.

14. Stomach Tube


Fuction : - to collect the liquid / gastric juice,
- to rinse / stomach contents,
- for the administration of drugs.
15. Infusion Set
Fuction : Hose For
Infusion Fluids

16. Transfusion Set


Fuction : for blood
transfusion
17. Spuit
Fuction : To Inject

18. Injection Needle


Fuction : to inject
coupled with syringe
(Spuit = Syringe).
19. Currete
Fuction : To Clear The Uterus In
Abortion Patients / Miscarriage

20. Gliserin sytinge


Fuction : to spray lavement /
clysma through the anus fluid
that is often used is glycerin or
soap solution
21. Reflex Hamer
Fuction : Examine The
Reflection Ability Of Certain
Parts Of Our Body, Such As
The Knee.

22. Stethoscope
Fuction : To Hear The Sound
Of Organs Eg. Heart, Lungs
Etc.
A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning a
human response to health conditions/life processes, or
a vulnerability for that response, by an individual,
family, group or community.
Nursing
diagnosis

negative positive

Healt
actual risk promotio
n
 Problem(P) is a description of the
client’s circustances in which nursing
actions can be given.
 Etiology(E) is a factor that affect client
status changes.
 Sign and symtoms (S) is a objective and
subjective data obtained from physical
examination and anamnesis

Main component Nursing


diagnosis : P,PE,PES
DIETARY PROGRAMS
Healty Dietary Program

 Having an ideal slim body is the desire of


many people especially the women, in order
to get the ideal slim body shape that
someone needs sacrifice and hard work, we
all know what reasons someone trying hard
to have the ideal body.
 Here I will share the tips of a healthy diet
program that is very easy to follow so you
can have a slim ideal body shape, among
others, namely:
Make A Meal Menu
In order to avoid unhealthy foods coming into
your body, then you should make a meal menu for
breakfast, lunch and afternoon schedule.
Unhealthy food can be like junk food, foods
contain excessive saturated fats and excess
carbohydrates. With the menu you eat, you are
expected to include a more controlled and
healthy eating menu. Do not skip to include
vegetables and fruits on your diet.
Reduce The Portion Of The
Meal
Do not skip your meal schedule every day
from breakfast, lunch and afternoon. Skipping
your meal schedule will not help you lose
weight, which only lowers your health
condition. Stay obey the meal schedule just
reduce your portion, do not eat with excess
portion.
Avoid High-Calorie Foods.

Avoid some foods that contain high calories


such as fried snacks, chips, fast food, ice
cream, soft drinks, sweet cereals, processed
agings (hot dogs, sausages and processed
meat of the like), gravy, and the like.
Expand Protein and Fiber

Adequate intake of protein and fiber is very


important to keep the ideal weight. Protein can
help lower fat content, you can get it from
tempeh, tofu and other meals. While fiber can
make your body full longer, you can
mendatkannya of nuts, vegetables and fruits
such as apples, bananas, pears and avocados.
Drinking Enough Mineral
Water
Mineral water can make us feel full longer so
avoid eating too much. Drink at least eight
glasses of water every day, can also drink
water before meals to keep the stomach filled
and quickly full.
Do Sports

The most effective exercise for weight loss is


cardio exercise. In addition to weight loss,
cardio exercise can also shrink distended
stomach.You can do cardio exercises like
jogging, cycling or swimming. But if the weather
does not allow for jogging outside the house,
then you can do the following exercise.
Avoid Eating A Lot At Night
Many people ignore this, especially at night.
Indeed, eating habits at night is not a good
thing. If you like to eat at night, you should
reduce from now on. At night we tend to do
less physical activity than during the day. As a
result the calories in the little food that is
used and eventually accumulate and cause a
distended stomach.
Enough Rest
Avoid staying up late and get enough sleep at
least 8 hours each day. This can make
hormone production remain balanced, so the
appetite can be well controlled. It also
restores body fitness and improves muscle
mass after we exercise.
Definition Of Walking Aids

• A tool is a tool used to help clients towalk and


move, (suratun et al, 2008).
• A tool is a tool used to facilitate the client in
walking to avoid the risk of injury and also
reduce dependence in others A patient,s
walker is a walker used for patients / patients
who experience decreased muscle strength
and fractures in lower limbs as well as
impaired balance. (kozier barbara et al, 2009)
Benefit Of Using Walking Aids :

• Maintain and restore muscle function.


• Prevent deformities, such as legs become
crooked.
• Maintain and increase muscle strength.
• Prevent complications, such as muscle
shrinking and joint stiffness.
Various Kinds Of Walkers :

1. Walker
2. Wheelchairs
3. Sticks
4. Kruk
1. Walker
Walker is a tool that is very lightweight, easy to
move, waist-high, made of metal pipes.
Walker has four legs with rubber-coated ends and
plastic-coated handrails
Purpose of Use of Walker :
1. Help Maintain balance
2. Avoid risk when walking
3. Reduce the negative impact of immobility
4. Support the patient's weight
 Function Using Walker :
1. To speed healing during the recovery period
2. No dependence on others to run their activities.
3. Provide a sense of security, because the walker
has sides that are not easily collapsed is very
suitable for patients with accidents two feet.

 Things That Need To Be Considered :


1. Patients should wear flat shoes and not slippery
time will exercise.
2. The strength of the muscles of the hands and
feet.
3. The balance stands.
 Indication :
1. Patients with leg weakness
2. Post stroke.
3. Obesity
4. Patient bed rest late
5. Patients with fractures on the legs

 Counter Indications :
1. Patient in bedrest condition.
2. Patients with post op.
 Types Of Walker:
1. Walker Walker Without Wheel
Tool (Walker Standard)

2. Walker Wheeled
Walker Tool
3. Wheeled Walker Wheel
Tool + Stand

4. Four Wheeled Walker /


Rollator Auxiliary Tool
2. Wheelchairs
 Wheelchairs are a tool used by people who have
difficulty walking on a foot, either by illness, injury,
or disability. This tool can be driven by the other
party, moved by hand, or driven by an automatic
machine.
 Indication Of The Use Of A Wheelchair :
1. Paraplegia
2. Unable to walk or bed rest
3. In the implementation of the procedure of
action, eg the client will be X-ray
4. after the amputation of both legs
Things to note :
1. Determine the size of the client's body
2. Determine the ability of clients to follow orders
3. Muscle strength and movement of the joints of
the client,
4. The existence of paralysis.
Types of Wheelchairs :
1. Manual Wheelchairs
2. Electric Wheelchairs
3. Stick
 Purpose of Use of stick :
1. Help Maintain balance
2. Avoid running risks
3. Reduce the negative impact of immobility
4. Maintain body function
 Indication :
1. Hemiparase
2. Patients with leg weakness / post stroke.
3. Obesity
 Contra Indications :
1. Patient in bedrest condition.
2. Patients with post op.
Type of Stick :
a. Standard sticks are straight, standard sticks are
91cm long.
b. Tripod / Quadripod
c. Four sticks
4. Kruk
 Kruk is a stick or walker, usually used in pairs that
are created to adjust the balance at the time will
run.
 Purpose of Use of Crutch
1. Increase muscle strength, joint movement and
mobilization ability
2. Reduce the risk of complications from
mobilization
3. Reduce dependence of patient and others
4. Enhance client's confidence
5. Help Maintain balance
 Function of Crutch :
1. As a walking aid.
2. Set or balance the running time.
3. Helps to support part of the client's weight
 Benefits of Using Kruk :
1. Maintain and restore muscle function.
2. Prevents deformities, such as legs become bent.
3. Maintain and increase muscle strength.
4. Prevents complications, such as muscle shrinking
and joint stiffness. (suratun et al, 2008)
 Indication :
1. Patients with lower extremity fractures.
2. Patients with post op amputation of the lower
extremities.
3. Patients with leg weakness / post stroke.
 Contra Indications :
1. Patients with fever with body temperature more
than 37⁰ C.
2. Patient in bedrest condition.
3. Patients with post op
 Types of Crutch :
1. Crutch axilla
2. Nonaxilla crutches (Canadian crutch)

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