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Alapati
• Differential WBC
Count
– Never - Neutrophils
– Let - Lymphocytes
– Monkeys - Monocytes
– Eat - Eosinophils
– Bananas - Basophils
Blood Cell Origin and Production
Granulocytes of WBC’s
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
NEUTROPHILS
* 50-70% of all leukocytes
(most abundant of WBC’s)
* Release histamine
and heparin
* Important in Allergic
Reactions causes vasodilatation
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
(B and T cells)
MONOCYTES
*2-6 % of the WBC's
With large U or Kidney shaped
nucleus
* B-lymphocytes:
Produce Antibodies
* T-lymphocytes:
Directly destroy virus-
invaded cells and cancer
cells
White Blood Cells
Type Of White Blood Cells % By Volume Of WBC Description Function
Eosinophils 2–4% Nucleus has bilobed nuclei; red Play a role in ending allergic
or yellow granules containing reactions
digestive enzymes
Lymphocytes (B Cells and 20 – 25 % Dense, purple staining, round the most important cells of the
T Cells) nucleus; little cytoplasm immune system; effective in
fighting infectious organisms;
act against a specific foreign
molecule (antigen)
Platelets
• Platelets are only about 20% of
the diameter of red blood cells,
the most numerous cell of the
blood.
• The normal platelet count is
150,000-350,000 per microliter of
blood
• Platelets are produced in bone
marrow and destroyed in the
spleen and liver
• Life span 5 to 9 days
Haemostasis
* The term haemostasis means prevention of
blood loss.
Cause:
1- Sympathetic reflex
2- Release of vasoconstrictors from
platelets that close to the walls of
damaged vessels. 21
II- Platelet plug formation
Mechanism:
Platelet adherence
Platelet activation
Platelet aggregation 22
Functional characteristics of
platelets
• The cell membrane of platelets contains:
– A coat of glycoprotein (receptors) that
cause adherence to injured endothelial cells
and exposed collagen.
– Phospholipids, that play an important role
in blood clotting.
Platelet union: When a blood vessel wall is
injured, platelets stick to the exposed collagen
and von Willebrand factor in the wall via
platelet receptors → Platelet activation. 23
24
Blood Coagulation
The clotting mechanism involves a cascade of
reactions in which clotting factors are activated.
Most of them are plasma proteins synthesized by
the liver (vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of
factor II, VII, IX and X).
They are always present in the plasma in an
inactive form.
It occurs in three stages:
Stage 1: Formation of Thromboplastin
Stage 2: Conversion of Prothrombin into Thrombin
Stage 3: Conversion of Fibrinogen into Fibrin
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Blood Coagulation
• The ultimate step in clot formation is the conversion
of fibrinogen → fibrin.
+ IV
IV,V, VII & X &
XIII
26
27
2nd Year Physiotherapy- November
2008
Factor X can be activated by
reactions in either of 2
systems:
An Intrinsic system.
An Extrinsic system
28
29
30
Clot retraction
Clot formation is fully developed in 3-
6 min
Contraction of platelets trapped
within the clot shrinks the fibrin
meshwork pulling the edges of the
damaged vessel closer together.
During clot retraction serum is
squeezed from the clot. 31
32
2nd Year Physiotherapy- November
2008
Save
Energy
For
Safe
Earth
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