Cell

Alapati

Vd. Alapati Vinod Kumar

• A fundamental unit of life is a
Cell, which is the structural and
AbC of Cell
functional unit of a multi
cellular body. (Robert Hooke in mid-1600s)
• All living things are made up of cells
(1839).
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division (1890).
• Trillions of cells which vary in shapes
and sizes in the body are seen which
begins with a single cell.
 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Two Types of Cells
Prokaryote - (pro.-ka˘re.-o.t) [ karyon,
nucleus] An organism of the kingdom with a single,
circular chromosome, without a nuclear membrane, or
membrane-bound organelles (i.e., mitochondria
and lysosomes). Included in this classification are
bacteria.

Eukaryote - eukaryote (u￣ -ka˘re￣-o￣t)

An organism in which the cell nucleus is surrounded
by a membrane.
 Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells
• Both plant and animal cells
contain a variety of
organelles. Some
structures are specific to
either plant cells or animal
cells only.
– Only plant cells contain:
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Large central vacuoles
– Only animal cells contain:
• Centrioles
 Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
Cell membrane It is a thin & elastic membrane
enclosing the cell.
Its thickness is 7-10 nanometer.

It is a semipermeable membrane
with two layers of proteins :
1. Lipoproteins
2. Glycoprotiens

The layer can be divided into 2

parts as:
A. Head End (Hydrophilic)
B. Tail End (Hydrophobic)
 Functions of Cell Membrane
1. Protective – it forms outermost boundary of the
cell & helps in maintaining the shape of the cell.
2. Digestive – takes in food & excretes waste
products.
3. Acts as selective permeability to certain
substances.
4. It provides a framework for the arrangement of
protein molecules in a functionally meaningful
pattern.
5. It links adjacent cells together by junctional
complexes to form tissues.
6. Acts as Phagocytosis & Particle ejection.
 Internal Organization of Cell
• Cells contain ORGANELLES.
• Cell Components that PERFORMS SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL.
• The Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Centrioles
• Mitochondrion
• The Chloroplast
• The Vacuole
The Nucleus
• Brain of Cell

• Bordered by a porous
membrane - nuclear envelope.

• Contains thin fibers of DNA

and protein called Chromatin.

• Rod Shaped Chromosomes

• Contains a small round

nucleolus
– produces ribosomal RNA which
makes ribosomes.
Number: Usually one, sometimes two as
occasionally found in epithelium of bladder,
liver and cardiac muscle & rarely multiple in a
cell.
Shape: Usually globular to ovoid
Size: Varies in size as per cytoplasm.
Situation: Usually central but basal in mucoid cells
& peripheral in skeletal muscles.
Constituent Parts:
1. Nucleoli
2. Nuclear Membrane
3. Nuclear Sap
4. Chromatin
 Functions of Nucleus

1. The information coded into the DNA molecules

is conveyed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
by messenger RNA where actually the synthetic
work of the cell takes place.
2. Genes are units of hereditary characteristics.
They carry individual characteristics of a
person.
3. It is concerned with cellular reproduction and
multiplication.
Ribosomes
• Small non-membrane
bound organelles.

• Contain two sub units

• Site of protein synthesis.

• Protein factory of the cell

• Either free floating or

attached to the Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Complex network of transport
channels.
• Two types:

1. Smooth- ribosome free and

Makes membrane lipids
(steroids)
• Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

2. Rough - contains ribosomes and

releases newly made protein from
the cell.
 Golgi Apparatus
• A series of flattened
sacs that modifies,
packages, stores,
and transports
materials out of the
cell.

• Works with the

ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Lysosomes
• Recycling Center
– Recycle cellular debris
• Membrane bound organelle
containing a variety of
enzymes.
• Internal pH is 5.
• Contain digestive enzymes
to break down food,
bacteria, and worn out cell
parts for cells
• Programmed for cell death.
 Centrioles
• Found only in animal cells

• Paired organelles found

together near the nucleus, at
right angles to each other.

• Role in building cilia and

flagella

• Play a role in cellular

reproduction
 Cilia & Flagella

• Cilia are shorter

and more
numerous on
cells
• Flagella are
longer and fewer
(usually 1-3) on
cells

18
 Cytoskeleton
1. Framework of the cell
2. Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubules.
3. They support the cell, giving it its shape and help
with the movement of its organelles.
Cell membrane

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion
 Mitochondrion
• Double Membranous
• It’s the size of a bacterium
• Contains its own DNA;
mDNA
• Produces high energy
compound ATP
• Functions: It is the power
house of the cell. It is an
important agents for cell
respiration & can synthesize
proteins.
The Chloroplast
• Double membrane

• Center section contains

grana

• Thylakoid (coins) make up

the grana.

• Stroma - gel-like material

surrounding grana

• Found in plants and algae.

 The Vacuole
• Sacs that help in
food digestion or
helping the cell
maintain its water
balance.

• Found mostly in
plants.
 Cell Division
It is a series of processes in which a mature cell is
divided into 2 daughter cells. It is carried in 2 ways:
Direct Division
In this division the nucleus is Indirect Division
divided rapidly & randomly by In this division complex
constricting in the middle of the Chromosomal distribution
nucleus occurs. It takes place in 2
followed by a division of cell. ways as:
Usually do not occur in 1. Mitosis
mammals. 2. Meiosis
In both mitotic & mitosis type of cell division two
distinct processes take place:
Nuclear division
Cytoplasmic division
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS I
PARENT CELL Site of
PROPHASE (before chromosome replication) crossing over PROPHASE I
Tetrad formed
by synapsis of
Duplicated Chromosome homologous
Chromosome
chromosome replication replication chromosomes
(two sister chromatids
Chromosomes Tetrads
align at the align at the
METAPHASE metaphase plate METAPHASE I
Metaphase plate

ANAPHASE Sister chromatids Homologous ANAPHASE I

TELOPHASE separate during chromosomes TELOPHASE I
anaphase separate
during Daughter
anaphase I;
cells of Haploid
meiosis I n=2
sister
2n 2n chromatids remain
Daughter cells together
of mitosis No further
chromosomal
replication; sister
chromatids separate
during anaphase II
Body Tissues
 Tissue Basics
• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure that work together to perform a
specific function.
• There are four main tissue types:
– Epithelium
– Connective tissue
– Muscle
– Nervous tissue
 Epithelium
• Epithelium, or epithelial tissue, forms the
linings, coverings, and glandular tissue of the
body.
– One type of epithelium forms the outer layer of
the skin
– Another type of epithelium lines the air sacs of
the lungs
• Cells in epithelium are packed tightly together
to form continuous sheets
 Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue protects, supports, and binds
together other body tissues.
• Connective tissue is made up of different types of
cells in varying amounts of a nonliving substance
around the cells, called the matrix.
• Examples of connective tissue include:
– Bone
– Cartilage
– Adipose tissue (fat)
– Blood
 Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue is specialized to
contract and cause movement.
• There are three main types of muscle
tissue:
–Skeletal muscle
–Cardiac muscle
–Smooth muscle
 Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called
neurons that receive and send electrical signals in the
body.
• Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits
impulses and together with supporting cells, makes
up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.