Human Anatomy

I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya

 Apa itu Anatomi
• Derived from the Greek ἀνατέμνω anatemnō "I cut up,
cut open" from ἀνά ana "up", and τέμνω temnō "I cut”
• Anatomy is the study of the structure and its relation
of living organisms.
• Is a subdiscipline of biology
• Catagorized into
– Gross anatomy
– Microscopic anatomy
– Embryology
– Surface anatomy
– Clinical anatomy
 Apa tujuan belajar anatomi?
• Providing comprehensive knowledge of the
gross and microscopic structure and
development of human anatomy to provide a
basic understanding for the clinical
correlation of organs and structures involved
and for the anatomical basis for the disease
presentation
 Mengapa kita belajar anatomi?
• Gives us a better understanding of the
structures of the body and how they
work.
• Teach us how to live in Harmony: Each
system depends on the others, either
directly or indirectly, to keep the body
functioning normally.
 Bagaimana belajar Anatomi?
• Studying anatomy involves lots of memorization. For
instance, the human body contains 206 bones and over 600
muscles. Learning these structures requires time, effort,
and good memorization skills.

• Know the Language

• Use Anatomy Study Aids

• Review, Review, Review

 Misteri tubuh manusia
• From 1 cell (zygote) to 75 trillion of cells
• Cells divide and differentiate
• The organs occupy its own position
• The certain shape and size of organs
• Each organ / system to make contact
• Integral function
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AFigure
cell 47.8x Cleavage
divided intoinbillion
a frog embryo
of cells

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 Ovum + Spermatozoa

Zygote

cell cell cell cell cell

tissue tissue tissue tissue tissue tissue

Organ Organ Organ Organ Organ Organ

Sistem Sistem Sistem

B O D Y
 Empat jenis jaringan/tissues
• Epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and
lines body cavities.
• Connective tissue protects, supports, and
interconnects body parts and organ
• Muscle tissue (Skeletal muscle, Smooth
muscle, Cardiac muscle)
• Nervous tissue conducts impulses for internal
communication.
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Our body systems

Integumentary
• Provides protection
– Regulates body
temperature
– Site of cutaneous
receptors
– Synthesizes vitamin D
– Prevents water loss

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 Skeletal

• Provides support and

protection
– Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell production)
– Stores calcium and
phosphorus
– Allows for body
movement

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Muscular

• Produces body
movement
– Generates heat when
muscles contract

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Nervous

• A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
– Responds to sensory
stimuli
– Helps control all other
systems of the body
– Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory

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Endocrine

• Consists of glands and

cell clusters that
secrete hormones,
some of which
regulate
• body and cellular
growth
• chemical levels in the
body
• reproductive functions

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Cardiovascular

– Consists of a pump
(the heart) that moves
blood through blood
vessels in order to
distribute hormones,
nutrients, gases, and
pick up waste products

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Lymphatic

• Transports and filters

lymph (interstitial
fluid)
– Initiates an immune
response when
necessary

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Respiratory

• Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs

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Digestive

• Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
– Absorbs nutrients
– Expels waste products

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Urinary

• Filters the blood and

removes waste
products from the
blood
– Concentrates waste
products in the form of
urine, and expels urine
from the body

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 Male Reproductive
System

• Produces male
sex cells (sperm)
and male
hormones (e.g.,
testosterone)
– Transfers sperm
to the female

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 Female Reproductive
System

– Produces female sex cells

(oocytes) and female hormones
(e.g., estrogen and
progesterone)
– Receives sperm from male
– Site of fertilization of oocyte
– Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus

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 Apa Itu

Posisi
Anatomi
Posisi
Anatomi
•Standing up
•The limb by
the side of the
body
•Erect
•Face, palm n
foot facing fw
•Thumb
pointing away
from the body
Peta Orientasi Permukaan Tubuh
• Bidang imajiner

• Garis khayal

• Arah

• Regio
 Bidang/Anatomical Planes
• A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the
body into specific sections.
• The three major anatomic planes of reference
are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal
planes.

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 Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane, is
a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
• A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal plane,
cuts perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it into
both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
• A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through the
body or organ
vertically and divides
the structure into
right and left halves.

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 Sections and Planes
• A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagital
plane.
• A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but
either to the left or the right of it it, is termed a
parasagital (or sagital) plane.
• A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes
through the specimen at an angle.

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Lines/garis imajiner
Istilah untuk arah/Directional Terms of
the Body

• Directional terms are precise and brief, and for

most of them there is a correlative term that
means just the opposite.

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 Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to front (belly side)
or back (back side) of the
body :
– Anterior = In front of; toward
the front surface
– Ventral = At the belly side of
the human body
– Posterior = In back of; toward
the back surface
– Dorsal =At the back side of
the human body

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the head
or tail of the body:
– Superior = Toward the head
or above
– Cranial = At the head end
– Inferior = Toward feet not
head
– Caudal = At the rear or tail
end

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
– Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
– Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
– Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
– Superficial = On the
outside

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Relative and Directional Terms of
the Body
• Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
– Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment to
trunk
– Distal = Furthest from
point of attachment to
trunk

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 Other terms

• ipsi/homolateral vs contralateral
• superficial vs deep
• internal vs external
Axial Axial

Body Regions
• The human body is
partitioned into two main
regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
– the axial region includes the
head, neck, and trunk which
comprise the main vertical
axis of our body
– our limbs, or appendages,
attach to the body’s axis and
make up the appendicular
region (membrum superior
and membrum inferior)
appendicular

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 Body Cavities
and Membranes

• The posterior aspect of

the body has two
enclosed cavities
– A cranial cavity is formed
by the cranium and
houses the brain.
– A vertebral canal is
formed by the individual
bones of the vertebral
column and contains the
spinal cord.

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 Pembungkus Organ/Serous
Membranes
• Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are
lined with thin serous membranes, which are
composed of two layers:
– A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall.
– A visceral layer covers the external surface of organs
(viscera) within the cavity.
– Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous
membrane is a thin serous cavity, containing a lubricating
film of serous fluid.

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Serous Cavities of the Human Body
• serous = watery-
type fluid.
• Serous cavities = sacs
lined with serous
membranes.
• serve as lubricating
devices, reduce the
friction during the
motion between
organs
• Exp: bursa, pleural,
pericardial,
peritoneal cavities
 Body Cavities and Membranes
• Constant movement of the organs causes
friction.
• The serous fluid reduces friction and helps the
organs move smoothly against both one
another and the body wall.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

• The median space in

the thoracic cavity is
called the
mediastinum.
• It contains the heart,
thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and major
blood vessels that
connect to the
heart.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

– Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-

layered serous membrane called the pericardium.
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Insert Fig 1.9d

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 The Thoracic Cavity
• The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity
contain the lungs; they are lined by a two-
layered serous membrane called the pleura.
– The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines the internal
surface of the thoracic wall
– The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers the external
surface of the lung
– The narrow, moist, potential space between them is called
the pleural cavity

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 Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The abdominopelvic cavity consists of an

abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity.

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 The Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The peritoneum is a
moist, two-layered Insert figure
serous membrane 1.9d
.
that lines the
abdominopelvic
cavity.

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Surface Anatomy

(Anatomi Permukaan)
Costae
Dan
Intercostal
space
 Regio
Abdomen
(1)

4 compartments

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

Regio
Abdomen
(2)

9 smaller, imaginary
compartments.

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Musculoskeletal System
In
General
 Human musculoskeletal system

• also known as the locomotor system is an

organ system that gives animals the ability to
move using the muscular and skeletal systems.
• The musculoskeletal system provides form,
stability, and movement to the human body.

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 It is made up of the
• bones (the skeleton),
• muscles,
• cartilage,
• tendons,
• ligaments,
• joints,
• and other connective tissue

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Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
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 The Human Skeletal System
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral column
25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle
60 in upper limbs
60 in lower limbs
2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty

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206 bones in the adult body and perform five main
functions

• Provide support for the body

• Store minerals and lipids

• Produce blood cells

• Protect body organs

• Provide leverage and movement

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Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
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 TYPES OF BONES
a. Long Bones.
Example: femur.
b. Short Bones.
Example: carpal
bones.
c. Flat Bones.
Example: the cranial
frontal bone.
d. Irregular Bones.
Example: a
vertebra.

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Bone Terminilogy ?

Cari di Google
 Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Ventral view Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Dorsal view 80

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Axial skeleton
skull (cranium and facial bones)
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing)
vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)

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 The Human Muscular System
• The muscles of your body produce movement
by pulling, not pushing.
• If all your muscles pulled in one direction,
your could lift almost 25 tons
• Their functions: movement, facial expression,
protection (fight/flight), abdominal visceral
fixation, respiration/breathing, temprature
regulation, body shape/building

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 Types of Muscle
• The human body is comprised of 324 muscles
• Muscle makes up 30-35% (in women) and 42-47% (in men) of
body mass.
Three types of muscle:

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Sport Books Publisher 83

 A. Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
• Connects the various parts of the skeleton through one or more
connective tissue tendons
• During muscle contraction, skeletal muscle shortens and moves
various parts of the skeleton
• Through graded activation of the muscles, the speed and smoothness
of the movement can be gradated
• Activated through signals carried to the muscles via nerves (voluntary
control)
• Repeated activation of a skeletal muscle can lead to fatigue
• Biomechanics: assessment of movement and the sequential pattern of
muscle activation that move body segments

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 B. Smooth Muscle

• Located in the blood vessels, the respiratory

tract, the iris of the eye, the gastro-intestinal
tract
• The contractions are slow and uniform
• Functions to alter the activity of various
body parts to meet the needs of the body at
that time
• Is fatigue resistant
• Activation is involuntary

Sport Books Publisher 85

 C. Cardiac Muscle

• Has characteristics of both skeletal and

smooth muscle
• Functions to provide the contractile
activity of the heart
• Contractile activity can be gradated
(like skeletal muscle)
• Is very fatigue resistant
• Activation of cardiac muscle is
involuntary (like smooth muscle)

Sport Books Publisher 86

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
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Components of skeletal muscle

d) myofibril c) muscle fibre b) muscle fibre bundle a) Muscle belly

Sport Books Publisher 88

Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
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 more than 600 muscles in your body, you should know the
location of at least the following skeletal muscles

The Arms The Legs The Trunk

Deltoid Sartorius Pectoralis major

abducts arm flexes hip and adducts
Biceps brachii knee humerus
flexes forearm Rectus femoris Rectus Abdominus
supinates extends knee produces
forearm Gluteus maximus trunk
from neutral extensor of hip motions
Triceps brachii rotates thigh Trapezius
extends forearm Biceps femoris elevates and
flexes knee rotates
Gastrocnemius scapula
flexes ankle Latissimus dorsi
stabilizes ankle and rotates
knee when standing humerus
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 Origin

1. When muscle
contracts, it
shortens and
causes movement
2. Skeletal muscles
attached to bones
by tendons
3. Insertion-
attachment to more
movable bone
4. Origin- less
movable
5. Flexors and
extensors act on
the same joint to
Insertion produce opposite
actions
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 • Muscle attachment:

• Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.

Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.

• Directions of movement:
– Flexion - brings a body part forward.
– Extension - moves a body part to the rear.
– Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline.
– Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline.
– Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around a joint.
– Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward.
– Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward.
– Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward.
– Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.

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Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty
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 Muscle movement:

• Most skeletal muscles work in groups:

– Agonists (prime movers)- muscles primarily responsible

for an action due to their contraction.
– Synergists : complement the action of prime movers
– Antagonists (oppose the agonist action) - muscles that
relax to smooth the action of the agonists.
– Fixators: steady the proximal parts of a limb while
movements occuring in distal parts

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When muscle contracts, it shortens and causes
movement

Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons

Insertion- attachment to more movable bone

Origin- less movable

Flexors and extensors act on the same joint

to produce opposite actions

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 Naming muscle
• 1. Size. exp.: gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus .
Other terms used to indicate size are vastus
(huge), longus (long), and brevis (short).
• 2. Shape. Deltoid, trapezius ,latissimus (wide) and
teres (round).
3. Direction of fibers. rectus abdominis,
orbicularis ,transverse (across) and oblique
(diagonal).

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 Naming muscle
• 4. Location. frontalis ,external obliques
,pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock), brachii
(arm), and sub (beneath). You should also
review these directional terms: anterior,
posterior, lateral, medial, proximal, distal,
superficial, and deep.
5. Attachment. Sternocleidomastoid,
brachioradialis

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 Naming muscle
• 6. Number of attachments. biceps brachii has
two attachments, or origins (and is located on
the arm). The quadriceps femoris has four
origins (and is located on the anterior femur).
7. Action. Extensor, adductor magnus Other
terms used to indicate action are flexor (to
flex), masseter (to chew), and levator (to lift).

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Facial Muscles

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 FACIAL
EXPRESSION

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Terimakasih