HVAC Course

HVAC
HVAC Design Principle course

Course content:
 Air condition definition
 HVAC Applications
 Psychometric Process
 AC main component cycle
 Codes and standards
 Equations for cooling load calculation
 Cooling Load calculation software
What is the deference between CAV and VAV
Central Air condition systems
 Ceiling Concealed Duct
 Package Type
 VRF system
 Air handling Unit (AHU)
 Chilled water systems
Survey Pattern and understanding Architecture
drawing
Load calculation for project and System select
using HAP
Chilled water system Design
 Pipe design
 FCU hock Up
 Chilled water Hock up
 Head Pump Calculation
VRF System design

 Features for VRF
 Indoor unit selection
 Outdoor unit sizing
 Joints and copper pipes sizing
Air Distribution
Air Outlets Grills ,Diffusers
Air Dumpers
Air Ducts
 Duct Types
 Duct design
Air Filters
Fans and ventilation
Air condition System efficiency
Air condition Definition
A system or process for controlling the

temperature, humidity, and the purity of the
air
6
HVAC Application
7
Hotels
8
Residential
building
9
Malls
10
Office
building
.| 11
Restaurants
12
Hospital
13
Oil and Gas
Industry
14
Telecom
Industry
15
Psychometric
The sience which deals with the study of the
behavior of air and water vapor mixture
And its effect on human comfort
Psychometric properties
The properties of water vapor and air mixture
17
AIR properties
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)
Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
Humidity Ratio (H) (Ɯ)
Relative Humidity (RH)
Specific volume (V)
Enthalpy (h) 18
Dry Bulb temperature
The temperature of air measured by
thermometer
Sensible heat of air

The quantity of heat that can be measured by
measuring the dry bulb temperature of the air
19
Wet bulb temperature
The temperature is measured by thermometer its
bulb covered with wet cloth and is exposed to a
current of moving air
 WBT≤DBT
 WBT=DBT (If air is 100% saturated)
Dew Point temperature
At this temperature the air can no longer hold all
of the water vapor and some of water vapor
condense
20
FOG Phenomena …???
21
Absolute Humidity
It is the weight of water vapor in kg Air
g/kg
Relative humidity
The ratio of actual weight of water vapor to
the weight of water vapor in saturated air at
the same temperature and same volume
(Unit less)
22
Psychometric Chart
23
Comfort zone for human
Dry bulb temp 24 C – 75.2 F
Relative humidity 50%
24
Comfort requirement not only temperature and humidity
control
Fresh air requirement

Air distribution
Noise level 30-55 db.
lighting density
25
Psychometric process
Sensible Heating
Sensible Cooling
Humidification
Dehumidification
Adiabatic humidification
Heating and Humidification
Heating and dehumidification
Cooling and dehumidification
26
27
Sensible Heating
Using Electrical Heater ,Steam ,Hot Water
coil or Heat Pump
Increase Dry bulb temperature without any

change in humidity
28
Sensible cooling
Pass air in surface which its temp above
Air dew point
Decrease Dry bulb temperature without

any change in Humidity
29
Humidification
Increase Humidity without any change in Dry

bulb Temperature (evaporating latent)
30
Dehumidification
Decrease humidity without any change in Dry

bulb temperature ( cooling latent)
31
Adiabatic Humidification
(evaporating and cooling )
use air washer
Increase humidity and decrease dry bulb

temperature without any change in wet bulb
temperature
32
Humidification and Heating
This process in Winter season in Dry weather
Like Riyadh in winter
Using (Air washer +Heating coil )
33
Cooling and dehumidification
We use this process in hot and high humidity

weather
like (Alexandria and Jeddah in summer season )
34
Units......
imperial Units (British units)
SI metric units
Eng.| Mohamed Saad

HVAC design Principle 35
Unit conversion
Length
M CM MM Inch feet
1 100 1000 39.37 3.28
Note : Inch =2.54 CM
Volume
CMM CFM gpm l/s
1 35.3 264.2 16.67
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HVAC design Principle
Power
HP W KW
1 746 0.746
Pressure
bar KPa Ft wg Psi Kg/ CM3
1 100 33.455 14.7 1.0198
Cooling capacity
TR BTU/h KW w
1 12000 3.5 3516.8
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Definition of BTU
The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one
degree Fahrenheit.
Quiz :
How many Btu's are required to raise the
temperature of 100 pounds of water from 72°F
to 82°F?
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Temperature
C=5/9 *(F-32)
Where
C: is temperature in degree of Celsius
F: is temperature in degree of Fahrenheit
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The Fahrenheit temperature scale places
the zero where a salt-water mixture freezes,
and has 180 divisions between the freezing
and boiling points
The Celsius temperature scale has 100

divisions between the freezing and boiling
points of water.
C=5/9 (F-32)
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AC main Component cycle
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P-H Chart
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Most popular Organization and it’s
abbreviation
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ASHRAE
American society of heating and refrigeration
And Air conditioned Engineers
SMACNA
Sheet metal Air-conditioned National
Association
AMCA
Air movement and control Association
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ARI
Air conditioning and refrigerant institute
ASME
American Society of mechanical Engineers
ANSI
American national standard institute
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NEMA
National Electric Manufacture association
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What the difference between
code and standard….?
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Code
provides mandatory guidelines for system
design
We can say its recommended method to do
some thing
Standard
Provides more specific details for the design
of component Such as Dimensions and it is
a degree of required quality
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COOLING
LOAD
CALCULAIONS
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Important definitions
Heat Gain ) ‫(الحرارة المكتسبة‬
heat rate gain from external and internal sources
Cooling load ( ‫)حمل التبريد‬

Rate for extraction of heat required to maintain
the air temperature and humidity inside the air-
conditioned places
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Heat transfer methods
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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Sources of heat
External sources Internal sources
-Heat transfer from wall -People

and celling
-lighting
-Solar effect
-Electrical equipment
-Ventilation and
infiltration
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Sources of heat
Sensible Heat Latent heat
causes a change of causes a change of state, but
temperature, but no change no temperature change.
of state. During a change of state, the
temperature remains
constant until the change of
state is completed.
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Design conditions
Out Side design Condition Inside design condition
DBT
WBT DBT
RH% 22 -23-24-25
Elevation
RH
45 -50 %
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Survey pattern
 Walls directions of the building to count the effect of the sun and wind.
 Dimensions of the building.
 Construction materials for the building.
 Glass of windows and quality of spaces and identify air leakage rates.
 Occupancy conditioned persons of interest rates.
 lighting rates and capabilities of the equipment motors.
 Where I could feed the building with electricity and water.
 The places available for the installation of air conditioning units and ducts ways
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Cooling load calculation
Manual
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Lighting load ( Sensible load)
Q light = Light intensity (W/m^2)* floor Area m^2
60
45
40
20
17
15
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Electrical Equipment
1- Get sensible and latent heat gain from tables
150 220 515

290 525 930
350 700 1050
875 2190 2190
0.60 200
0.70 750 375
For equipment with electrical motor 0.80 4 1
0.85 15 512
0.88 15
Q sensible = (1-ἠm) * motor power

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Heat of occupants
Air conditioned places get heat from occupants
Because the difference between human body temperature
37 C and temperature in air conditioned places 24C
Q p,s = number of persons * QS/Person (W)
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total
QL/person
97 31 66
117 45 72
132 59 73
132 59 73
146 73 73
162 81 81
229 139 81
293 183 110
292 204 88
425 255 170
425 255 170
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Ventilation load (sensible and latent)
Q vent , total = m’ air * (h o - h I )
How to get Air flow rate )m’ air( ??????
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Person requirement method
9.5 7
7.5 5
7 5
15 12
3.5 2.5
5 3.5
14 12
14 12
24 14
12 7
12.5 7.5
10 7.5
6 3.5
5 2.5
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Important note
ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables is updated in ventilation section –
person requirement fresh air in air conditioned places per HSE
laws as smoking is prevent in air conditioned places
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Floor area method and Air change method
)L/S/m2(
)(
)m2(
1 1
1.5 1.4 8
2 1.8
3 2.8
4 3.7 4
5 4.6
7 6.7
9 8.3 2
11 10
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Transmission load through walls, Celling, roof and doors
Q t = U A (T o - T I)
U= overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2.K)
1/U = (1/ho)+ ∑(x/k) + (1/hi)

K =thermal conductivity (w/m.k)
h =convective heat transfer coefficient (w/m^2.k)
X= wall thickness
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K
0.72 (Common brick)
1.30 (Face brick)
1.72 (concrete)
1.10 (Tiles)
1.80 (Stone)
0.72 (Cement plaster)
0.80 (Gypsum plaster)
0.16 (Hard wood)
0.12 (Soft wood)
1.72 (Sand)
0.036 (Cork)
0.036 (Glass wool)
0.040 (Polystyrene)
0.023 (Polyurethane)
0.79 (Glass)
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Heat transferred through contact surfaces (Partitions)
Q=UAt (W)
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Solar heat gain
• Part of the solar radiation will be absorbed and

the other will be reflected

0.7 – 0.55
Q sun = U A (∆T sun) 0.5 – 0.4
0.5 – 0.3
0.65
0.9
∆T sun = ᾳ I /ho 0.9 – 0.8
I= max solar radiation intensity based on wall direction ( table )

ᾳ = Surface solar radiation absorptivity
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Heat Transmission through glasses
Normal method
Q glass=SC * Ug * (To – T i)
Where:
SC Shade coefficient
U g Heat transfer coefficient for glass material
From ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables
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Heat Transmission through glasses
Glass load factor method

Q glass = GLF * window area
GLF : Glass load factor
GLF based on glass type and window direction Get from ASHRAE
From ASHRAE 62.1 2007 tables
Glass types :
Regular single glass

Regular double glass
Heat Absorbing Double glass
Clear triple glass
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Hourly Analysis program (HAP)
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What is the
difference
between
CAV and VAV
systems
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Variable air volume (VAV)
A traditional VAV system consist of VAV box with
a damper to control the volume of air
delivered to a space
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• Fan powered VAV :
The addition of a fan to a VAV box improves air
movement at times when a space is near its
design temperature and supply air is very low
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Advantages:
High efficient and not very high initial cost
Independent thermostat base space control
High grade of flexibility
Disadvantages
VAV box needs space
Inefficient in different space applications
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Air conditioners
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DX systems conditioners
Split units
Air Packaged units and window type
MultiV (VRF)
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Split units
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Window type
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Air packaged units
 Packaged roof top unit
 Packaged vertical unit
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Multi V type (VRF)
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Terminals units DX (Indoor units)
Concealed Duct (high static)
Concealed Duct (low static)
Wall mounted
Celling cassette 1way ,2 ways and 4 way
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Floor standing
Celling suspended
Celling floor
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Chilled water systems
Air cooled Chilled water
Water cooled chilled water (cooling tower)
Open discussion
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Chilled water (Air cooled)
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Chilled water (water cooled )
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Chiller system P-only
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Two way Valve
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Three way Valve
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AHU
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Terminal units (Chilled water system)
FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)
-2 pipe FCU - 4 pipe FCU
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Chilled water pumping systems
 Primary system (P-only)
 Conventional primary secondary System (P-S)
The distribution pumps

primary pump for (P-only) and the secondary
pump for (P-S) system are fitted with Variable
Speed drive (VSD)
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Fresh Air system
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Fresh air system -
ventilation reclaim
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Mixing box
How to calculate T mix
Use this formula

(V fresh + V return) T mix =(T o* V fresh )+ (Tr * V return)
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Chilled water system
Design
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Design steps
Find the cooling load for each zone
Select the suitable cooling coil for each zone
Get the total new cooling load by multiply by
diversity factor
Select suitable Air conditioned system for your
project
Select the suitable outdoor unit based on the
cooling capacity and the ambient temperature
Define the combination ratio between indoor
load and outdoor unit capacity
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Select the risers or mechanical shafts
positions
Connect the coils to the main branches and
then to the riser
Start the pipe sizing (chilled water or
refrigerant pipes)
Start to design ducts according to required Air
flow rates
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Chilled water system design parameters
Chilled water flow rate =2.4 GPM / TR

Load (tons) = Flow (US gpm) x (°Fin – °F out)/24
Chilled water supply temperature = 7 C
Chilled water return temperature = 12 C
Minimum allowable flow velocity = 0.6 -3 m/s
Allowable pressure drop through
pipes 400 pa/m
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Piping design
Important notes
Decrease Pipe length as possible as
Decrease number of Elbows and Tees to

decrease system initial cost
Decrease pressure drop in pipes to decrease

system running cost
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2 inch (50.8 mm) pipe diameter
• Incase pipe diameter lower than 2 inch ,water
speed should not exist 1.2 m/s or 4 F b S
• Incase pipe diameter 2 inch or more than this

value ,pressure drop not exist 400 pa/m
This values according to ASHRAE but we should

consider that we don’t deal with ideal materials
and ideal welding
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Pipe material
The second factor we should consider in piping
design is pipe material
Steel
PVC
Aluminum
Cupper
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Important definition
Nominal pipe diameter
Internal pipe diameter
Example :
1 inch nominal pipe diameter =25.4 mm
You will find internal pipe diameter
higher than 25.4 mm
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Friction loss for pipe steel SCH 40
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Pressure drop in elbows or tee connection
∆P= K * Ᵽ * (v^2/2g)
Use tables to get K and charts to get v
Where
K pressure drop factor
Ᵽ water density kg/m^3
V water speed m/s
g gravity m/s^2
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Piping design software
Pipe Sizer by mcQuay version 6.2

Pipe flow advisor
Pipe flow wizard
Pipe flow expert
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Pipe flow wizard software
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Total Dynamic Head Pump Calculation
 Get Pressure drop in chiller (from Catalogue)
 Get Pressure drop in AHU or FCU (from Catalogue)
 Get Pressure drop in two way valve (from Catalogue)
 Calculate Pressure drop in pipe supply and return
Take Safety factor 10 or 20%
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pressure drop in chilled water calculation
To calculate the total pressure drop we should
study the worst piping pass
The farthest fan coil not should be the worst

piping pass ,we should consider elbows and
tee connection
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VRF System Design
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Air outlets
• Grill
• Linear bar grill
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• Ceiling diffuser (Square – rectangular -
round)
• Linear bar diffuser
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Air distribution
Important definition
Throw
Drop
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AIR
Ducts
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Duct material
Galvanized sheet metal duct
Pre-insulated Aluminum Duct
Fiberglass duct-board
Spiral metal duct
Flexible duct
Textile duct
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Supply duct system
Distributes air to the terminal units , diffusers in the
conditioned spaces
Duct systems:
Plenum system
Extended plenum system
Reducing Plenum system
Perimeter loop
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Plenum system
Suited for a job where the room outlets are all close
to the unit
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Extended plenum system
(Trunk duct System)
Can be applied to a long structure ,this system takes the
plenum closer to the farthest Point, low noise level
applications
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Reducing plenum system
Reduce the trunk duct size as branch ducts are added
,Has the advantage of saving material and keeping the
same pressure from one end of the duct system to the
other
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Perimeter loop system
Well suited for installation in a concrete floor in heating
application , Provides the same pressure to all outlets
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Duct system combination
Metal trunk lines with round branch ducts

Metal trunk lines with flexible branch ducts
Duct board trunk lines with round metal branch duct
Duct board trunk lines with flexible branch duct
Round metal duct with round metal branch duct
round metal trunk lines with flexible branch duct
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Return duct
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Fire damper
Installed in the return duct before air enter AHU.
To Prevent air return to AHU in case of fire
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Duct design
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Important notes
• Decrease duct length as possible as
• Decrease number of fittings and elbows to

decrease initial cost , and decrease pressure
drop to decrease running cost
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Ducts types
Round Ducts Rectangular ducts
Low pressure drop High pressure drop
High initial cost because Low initial cost compared

high manufacturing cost with round ducts
and high insulation cost
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Air duct design Consideration
We should consider the following parameter
when we design ducts
 Heat loss or gain through air ducts

 Maximum allowable aspect ratio
 Air friction loss
 Elbow and fitting used
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129
low velocity air duct system
V air =6-12 m/s

∆P=0.8 -1.5 Pa/m
High velocity air duct system
V air=12-30 m/s
∆P=3-5 Pa/m
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Air duct design steps
• Building drawing
• Select Air duct system (plenum ,extended
plenum ,reduced plenum ,perimeter).
• Select air outlet positions (supply &return)
• Duct routing (single line)
• Identify Air flow in duct sections
• Find duct dimensions
• Find the total pressure drop to select the
proper fan section
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Two methods to get duct dimension
• Constant friction method

‫ى‬
• Velocity
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Equal friction method
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Convert from round duct to
rectangular duct
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Duct sizer soft ware
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Duct thickness and duct Gauge
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How to calculate
Metal Sheet weight
required for your project?
Duct Weight = 0.4 * (W+H) * t * L
Where:-
W = duct width (inch)
H = duct depth (inch)
t = duct thickness (mm)
L = duct length (m)
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Thermal insulation
Using fiberglass material
Internal insulation thickness = 1 inch

External insulation thickness = 2 inch
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Air fans
Provide the pressure difference to moves
the air through the duct system and
outlets with a proper velocity
Total pressure in duct system

=Static pressure + velocity pressure
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Air fans
Propeller fans Centrifugal fans
• Used in exhaust air • Desirable for
system. ductwork.
• Will handle large volumes • Builds more pressure
of air at
• low pressure differentials.
from the inlet to the
outlet.
• Makes noise and is used
where noise is not a • Very quiet when
factor. properly applied.
• Can be used in very
large high pressure
systems.
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Fan type
Forward curved Backward curved Radial
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Direct drive motor assembly
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Belt driven assembly
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Ventilation
Ventilation is to reduce high latent heat

CO2,contaminants and toxic gases in the
space by means of supplying fresh air to
keep the minimum permissible concentration
of each in the space. That to maintain a
healthy space
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Ventilation types
• Local ventilation (mechanical):
The ventilation spot at the point of harmful gases
generation using hoods . that to avoid the spread of
gases in the space (kitchen and workshops)
• Central ventilation (mechanical)

It is allow air change allover the space and not spotted
at the contaminate point (Garage and factories ).
The supply point is preferable to be lower than exhaust
air point
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Ventilation types
Positive ventilation
Negative ventilation
Balanced ventilation
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Local ventilation (HOOD)
Negative Pressure
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Air Filters
Air Filter types:
-washable filter (Aluminum mesh)
-Bag filter
-Box filter
-throwaway filter
-Pleated filter
-cartage filter
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(MERV)
Minimum. Efficiency
Reporting. Value
ASHRAE standard 52.5
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Typical applications for the major
MERV value ranges
 MERV 1 – 4
Minimum filtration, used almost exclusively in residential
buildings
 MERV 5 – 8
Most commercial applications and better residential buildings
 MERV 9 – 12
Superior residential buildings and better commercial buildings
 MERV 13 – 16
Hospital inpatient and general surgery; found in superior
commercial buildings
 MERV 17 – 20
Clean rooms and pharmaceutical manufacturing
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How to get pressure drop in Air filter
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Air condition
System efficiency
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Coefficient of Performance -
COP
The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the
basic parameter used to report efficiency of
refrigerant based systems.
The Coefficient of Performance - COP - is the ratio
between useful energy acquired and energy
applied and can be expressed as
COP = Eu / Ea
where
 COP = coefficient of performance
 Eu = useful energy acquired
 Ea = energy applied
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161
COP can be used to define both cooling
efficiencies or heating efficiencies
Cooling - COP is defined as the ratio of of heat
removal to energy input to the compressor
Heating - COP is defined as the ratio of heat
delivered to energy input to the compressor
higher COP - more efficient system
COP can be treated as an efficiency
where COP of 2.00 = 200% efficiency.
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162
Energy Efficiency Ratio
EER
The Energy Efficiency Ratio - EER - is a term
generally used to define cooling efficiencies of
unitary air-conditioning and heat pump
systems.
The efficiency is determined at a single rated
condition specified by an appropriate
equipment standard and is defined as the
ratio of net cooling capacity - or heat removed
in Btu/h - to the total input rate of electric
power applied - in Watts. The units
of EER are Btu/Wh.
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EER = Ec / Pa
where
• EER = energy efficient ratio (Btu/Wh)
• Ec = net cooling capacity (Btu/h)
• Pa = applied electrical power (Watts)
 This efficiency term typically includes the energy
requirement of auxiliary systems such as the
indoor and outdoor fans.
• higher EER - more efficient system
•
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164
BMS
All buildings have mechanical and electrical service .

These services need to be controlled
By some means (BMS) in order to ensure comfort
conditions
Eng.| Mohamed Saad

165
BMS functions
Central controlling facilities

Automatically control various operation
Manage and coordinate various systems
Provides a comfortable conditions in efficient way
.System to be controlled (lighting ,fire fighting
,Smoke management ,HVAC, audio-visual and
attendance reporting
Eng.| Mohamed Saad

166
BMS
Smoke management is to pressurize the staircase and
escape paths and exhaust the smoke from the required
space
In case of fire elevators have to be stopped and

direction signs should be operate
In case of electric shutdown, the backup system has to

operate the system partially with minimum hazardous
requirements
Eng.| Mohamed Saad
167

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HVAC

HVAC Design Principle course

VRF System design

A system or process for controlling the

Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)

Dew Point Temperature (DPT)

Humidity Ratio (H) (Ɯ)

Relative Humidity (RH)

Specific volume (V)

Sensible heat of air

Relative humidity 50%

Fresh air requirement

Increase Dry bulb temperature without any

Decrease Dry bulb temperature without

Increase Humidity without any change in Dry

Decrease humidity without any change in Dry

use air washer

Increase humidity and decrease dry bulb

Like Riyadh in winter

Using (Air washer +Heating coil )

We use this process in hot and high humidity

SI metric units

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Note : Inch =2.54 CM

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

The Celsius temperature scale has 100

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Cooling load ( ‫)حمل التبريد‬

-Heat transfer from wall -People

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

 Dimensions of the building.

 Construction materials for the building.

 Occupancy conditioned persons of interest rates.

 lighting rates and capabilities of the equipment motors.

 Where I could feed the building with electricity and water.

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Q light = Light intensity (W/m^2)* floor Area m^2

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

1- Get sensible and latent heat gain from tables

150 220 515

Q sensible = (1-ἠm) * motor power

Q p,s = number of persons * QS/Person (W)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Q vent , total = m’ air * (h o - h I )

How to get Air flow rate )m’ air( ??????

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

1/U = (1/ho)+ ∑(x/k) + (1/hi)

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

Eng.| Mohamed Saad

• Part of the solar radiation will be absorbed and

I= max solar radiation intensity based on wall direction ( table )

Eng.| Mohamed Saad