Lakshitha Senarathne

BSc (Hons), AMIE(SL)

A report is a statement of
the result of an
investigation or of any
matter on which definite
information is required.

Oxford English Dictionary

1. Understand the purposes of a report.
2. Plan a report.
3. Understand the structure of a report.
4. Collect information for your report.
5. Organize your information.
6. Use an appropriate style of writing.
7. Present data effectively.
8. Understand how to lay out your information in an
appropriate way.
• Different types of report need to be write in various
purposes.
 Laboratory reports.
 Technical reports.
 Reports of a work placement or industrial visit.
 Reports of a field trip or field work.
• Categories different type of report you have to prepare in
your work place and the education institute.
 Report

Thesis Dissertation
A long essay or A long essay, especially
dissertation involving one written for a university
personal research , written degree or diploma.
as part of a university
Doctorate degree.
 1.Logical analysis of the subject matter:-

• Primarily concerned with the development of a subject.

• There are two ways in which to develop a subject:
(a) logically
(b) chronologically
 2.Preparation of the final outline
• Outlines are the framework upon which long written works
are constructed.
• They are an aid to the logical organization of the material and
a reminder of the points to be stressed in the report.”
 3. Preparation of the rough draft
• Follows the logical analysis of the subject and the preparation
of the final outline.
• This importance for the researcher now sits to write down
what he/she has done in the context of he is research study.
• He/she will write down the procedure adopted in collecting
the material for his/her study along with various limitation
faced by him.
• The various suggestion he wants to offer regarding the
problem concerned.
 4. Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft
• Most difficult part of all formal writing.
• In addition the researcher should give due attention to fact
that in his rough draft he has been consistent or not. He
should the mechanics of writing- grammer, spelling and
usage.
 5. Preparation of the final bibliography
• The bibliography ,which is generally appended to the
research report.
• The bibliography should be arranged alphabetically.
• Generally this pattern of bibliography is considered
convenient and satisfactory from the point of view of reader.
 6.Writing the final draft
• The final draft should be written in a concise and objectives
style and in simple language.
• Avoiding vague expression such as a “it seems”, “ there may
be “, and the like once.
• It must be remembered that every report should be an
attempt to solve some intellectual problem and must
contribute to the solution of a problem and must add to the
knowledge of both the researcher and the reader.
 Broad Division Individual Section
Title of Report
Preliminary Materials Table of Contents
Abstract / Synopsis
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Body of Report Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References / Bibliography
Supplementary Material
Appendices
 Title page
• The title itself is an
important opportunity
to tell the potential
reader what your
research/report is
about.
 Table Of Contents
• The titles of parts, sections or chapters and their principal,
and their principal subdivisions should be listed in the
Table of Contents and must be worded exactly as they
appear in the body of the report.
• It is advisable to use numbers for;
 Heading: e.g. 5 ANALYISIS AND DISCUSSION
 Sub-heading: 5.2 Effect of Stress Level
 Sub sub-heading: 5.2.1 Mean Stress (No further sub-
division is appropriated)
 Acknowledgment
• In this part, every person whom you want to mention or
dedicate your work can be added here. It might be:
1. Family
2. Friends
3. Respondents
4. Colleagues
5. Fellow mates
6. Subordinates
7. Professor….etc
 Abstract / Summary
• The abstract should give a brief exposition of the research
problems. purposes of the study, scope of study, research
approach and limitation.
• It should take the form of a short factual statement
identifying the topic of your study, the approach adopted &
the findings.
• Including the conclusions.
• Birdseye view of the result
• It is likely to be used by future students and by other
researchers.
 Body of Report
Introduction
• The first piece of writing the reader comes to, it is often best
to leave its preparation to last as, until then, you will not be
absolutely sure what you are introducing.
• Background of study
• Statement of the problem
• Research Question
• Objective of study
• Limitations
• Company Profile
Literature Review, Or Context Of The Study
The purpose of this chapter is to show that you are aware of
where your own piece of research fits into the overall context
of research in your field.
Methodology
Does the methodology (or research method ) section
• Plain when, where, and how the research was done?
• Include subsections or informative headings as appropriate
(e.g., evaluation criteria)?
• Mention which method/tools were use to collect data
Purpose of Methodology
The method section answers these two main questions:
1. How was the data collected or generated?
2. How was it analyzed? In other words, it shows your reader
how you obtained your results. But why do you need to
explain how you obtained your results?
Result / Discussion

• If you've organized, displayed and analyzed your data, it's

time to write it up, and the place for this is the results
section.
• The key to a great results section is in describing your
results - you need to tell your readers exactly what you
found out. This is where you document what was observed
or discovered. It is not the place for discussion.
Things to remember
1. focus on the key results
2. be clear and concise
3. don't go into too much detail
4. let your pictures do the talking
5. be careful not to omit anything
6. make life easier for your readers by simplifying your
results
7. describe your results don't explain or discuss them - this is
what the discussion section is for!
Discussion
Mainly 4 purposes:
• Interpret and explain your results
• Answer your research question
• Justify your approach
• Critically evaluate your study
References
• Whenever you cite information (this includes graphics)
from another source, you must credit the source in your
References. Always check with your instructor to determine
which reference style to use.
Appendices
• When to use them
• Material that is related but supplementary to the main
argument
• Brief material referred to throughout your dissertation,
such as a piece of legislation or historical document
• Complex tables or data
Avoid using appendices just to avoid making hard editing
decisions about material you cannot include in the final
text – exceeding the word limit will usually be penalized
and tutors will often not read beyond this.
Exercise

Prepare a report including abstract, literature review, body

paragraphs and references

1. Tendering process

2. Contractual Claims
“in good deal making, 90% of the real negotiation
happens before you sit down to negotiate’”
“effective negotiation is 90% attitude and 10%
technique”
 Know yourself
 Know your own organization
 Know the opposite party
 Negotiation is the process of evolving communication to get
from opposition to consensus, manage conflict and reach
agreement
 Negotiation and influencing skills are critical to getting the
best deal, facilitating problem solving, gaining support and
building co-operative relationships
 Negotiation is an integrated process requiring:
 Effective communication
 Development of consensus (internal & external)
 Process Management
 Influence building and relationship development
 Success in negotiation depends on confidence
Confidence enables and arises from
a) careful advance planning to maximize options
b) working creatively during the negotiations to optimize the outcome
 Style is a consistent pattern of behaviors emanating from an
individual and recognised by others
 Distinct negotiating styles
 Warm
 Tough
 Numbers
 Dealer

 The role of style in negotiation enables us to understand and

manage
 Ourselves
 Our internal team
 The opposite party
 Style is influenced by innate character traits
 Style can be fine-tuned to adapt to different negotiation
scenarios - your fundamental character does not change
 Complementary styles make a successful negotiating team
 Adapting style can enhance and improve intra-team co-operation
1. Genetics
2. Upbringing
3. Social background
4. Education and training
5. National culture
6. Reaction and response to other people
7. Professional experience
Warm Style
Pros for a negotiator

• Friendly, good listener

• Emphasizes common interests
• Constructive and helpful
• Informative and open
• Creates climate of confidence
• Patient, calm
• Supportive team player
• Trusts the advice of others
Warm Style
Cons for a negotiator
• Interpersonal relations too important
• Difficulty saying “no”
• Can lose sight of own interests
• Conflict averse
• Trusting and naïve
• Deferential and apologetic
• May struggle under pressure or with responsibility
• May be perceived as weak
Tough Style
Pros for a negotiator
• States position assertively
• Dynamic, takes control
• Decisive and quick to act
• Seizes opportunity
• Takes the lead
• Rises to the challenge
• Gets the best for their side
Tough Style
Cons for a negotiator
• Autocratic vs. team player
• Impulsive and impatient
• Inflexible and proud
• Overbearing
• Doesn’t listen well:“take it or leave it”
• Quick to criticize, even colleagues
Numbers Style
Pros for a negotiator
• Facts, logic, detail oriented
• Methodical and systematic
• Persistent and patient
• Prepares well, manages risk
• Sticks to policy and procedures
• Weighs all alternatives
• Confident in own skills
Numbers Style
Cons for a negotiator
• Not intuitive with people
• Lacks creativity
• Expects to convince with logic
• Analysis paralysis
• Predictable: no surprises!
• Stubborn and resistant to change
• Fails to see other point of view
• Too literal: may miss golden opportunity
Dealer Style
Pros for a negotiator
• Socially skillful, charming, cheerfully cynical
• Avoids giving offence
• Adaptable, flexible, creative
• Persuasive, articulate
• Perseverant
• Thinks on feet
• Understands true ‘win-win’
• Seeks opportunities to make it work
Dealer Style
Cons for a negotiator
• A deal at any price:“deal junkie”
• Pushy
• Shifts position too fast, too often
• talking too much
• Perceived as tricky, insincere, untrustworthy
• Fails to prepare, plan or listen properly
 Have the willingness to prepare
 Enter negotiations with optimism and ambition, projecting
high expectation and self confidence
 There is striking research evidence that people who expect more get more

 Have commitment to integrity and courtesy

 Even polar opposites are entitled to treatment with respect!

 Develop proactive questioning and listening skills

 Make best use of questions, body language, interjections
 Develop supporting statements, clarifying statements & summarizing
statements to elicit information and optimize communication
BATNA - Best ALTERNATIVE TO a negotiated agreement.
 License
 Payments
 Activities of the Parties: obligations vs. responsibilities
 Manufacture and supply (Bulk / Formulation / Fill /
Finish)
 Prosecution / Enforcement
 Registration Rights
 Governance and Dispute Resolution
 Representations and Warranties
 Termination
 Good listening skills
 Clear, consistent vision of their goals
 Maintains a long-term vision for the partnership
 Blunt and candid about their wants and needs
 Honest and upfront regarding value and limitations of their offering
 Good market awareness
 Trustworthy and professional
 Values integrity: keeps (most) of their promises

 Fair and consistent

 Discrete and considerate
 Good sense of humor
 Clear ability to see the other party’s point of view