Institute of Engineering

Thapathali Campus

5/6/2018
Elective I: Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning

Conditioning
Heating Ventilation and Air
Lecture VI
Chapter 8

2018 Jan

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Introduction to Air Conditioning System
Design (10hours)
8.1 Cooling load determination & CLTD
method
8.2 Heating load determination

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8.3 Plotting of Air Conditioning processes in

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Psychrometric chart and related numerical
examples

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Factors to be considered for section of the HVAC system:

 Performance requirements

 Capacity requirements

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 Spatial requirements

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 First cost

Heating Ventilation and Air

 Operating cost

 Reliability

 Flexibility
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 Maintainability
Two types of thermal Load:
• Cooling Load: cooling load is the rate at which heat is removed from
the conditioned space to maintain a constant space air temperature
• Heating Load: Similarly, heating load is the rate at which heat is
added to the conditioned space to maintain a comfort living space,

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whenever it is needed to add heat.

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Heat Gain
• Space Heat gain
– The instantaneous rate at which heat enters into ,

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out of, or generated within a space. The
components are:

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• Sensible gain
• Latent gain
Cooling load differs from the heat gain due to
– delay effect of conversion of radiation energy to
heat
– Thermal storage lag
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 Heat gain ≠ Cooling load

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 Contd..

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Purposes of load estimation
• Load profile over a day
• Peak load (basis for equipment sizing)

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• Operation Energy Analysis
• HVAC Construction Cost

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Cooling Load Determination
A) External Loads:

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1) Conduction load through building envelope
2) Solar heat gain through glass
3) Ventilation load

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4) Infiltration load

• B) Internal Loads:

• 1) Occupants load
• 2) Equipment load
• 3) Lighting load 9
 Fig: Different loads in a room

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Different Cooling loads calculation
method
1. Rule of thumb method
– Least accurate

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– eg 100 btu/ft2 for a space
2. Static analysis (Room temperature is

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constant)
– CLTD/CLF method
3. Dynamic analysis
– Computer modeling

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Cooling load temperature
difference CLTD
• CLTD is theoretical temperature difference
defined for each wall/roof to give the same heat load for

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exposed surfaces to account for the combined effects of
radiation, conductive storage, etc

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Contd..
Cooling load is made up of
– Radiation and conduction heat gain

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– Convection heat gain
• Convective gain is instantaneous

Conditioning
Heating Ventilation and Air
– No delay
– Heat gain equals cooling load
• Conductive and radiation heat gains are not
instantaneous
– Thermal delay
– Heat gain is not equal to cooling load
– Use CLTD & CLF factors 13
CLF
• Cooling Load Factor (CLF)
• This factor applies to radiation heat gain

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• If radiation is constant, cooling load = radiative gain
• If radiation heat is periodical, than

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Q t = Q (daily max) *(CLF)
• CLF accounts for the delay before radiative gains becomes a
cooling load

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Contd..
External Loads:
• Conduction load through building envelop:

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It is the heat gain inside the building/room due to the
temperature difference between the surrounding air and inside

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air. It is calculated as;
Q = U*A*CLTD
U = Overall heat coefficient, A = surface area, CLTD =Cooling Load
Temperature difference

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CLTD Calculation for opaque
wall
Use Table for wall CLTD
Use Table for roof CLTD

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– Select wall/roof type
– Look up uncorrected CLTD

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– Correct CLTD
CLTD c =(CLTD+LM)+ (25.5-t r) + (t m-29.4)
• LM= latitude /month correction (Table )
• T r = indoor temperature (22C)
• T m = average temperature on the design day = (35+22)/2=28.5
C
• Eg. If CLTD=40 C, LM=-1.7 (west face) 16
• CLTD c= (40-1.7) + (25.5-22)+ (28.5-29.4) = 40.9 C
Contd…
• Solar heat gain through glass/glazing surface:
Glass which is major material of most buildings, provides the

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most direct route for entry of solar radiation. Thus, heat gain
through the glass pane should be estimated properly. Heat gain
through glass is calculated as:

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Q = SHGF * A * SC * CLF
SHGF =Solar Heat gain factor
A = Glass Area
SC = shading coefficient
CLF = cooling load factor/ solar cooling load

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 Contd..

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Contd..
• Infiltration Load:
Leakage of outside air into the building through the cracks and

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openings, displacement of equal volume of room air. Infiltration
depends upon the length and cracks around the windows, walls,
door, floors, partitions.

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1. Air change method
2. Crack length method

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Air Change method
• Q s= Density * V(Rate of air infiltration) * c * (To-Ti)
C = specific heat of air ( 1.026 KJ/kg-C)

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Ql = Density * V(Rate of air infiltration) * h * (Wo-Wi)
h = latent heat of vaporization of water

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V = ACH * v / 3600 m3/s
ACH = Air change per hour; v =gross volume of conditioned space
In general we use:
• Qs = 1.1 x CFM x TD

• Ql = 0.68 x CFM x WD
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Internal Loads:
Lighting
• Heat gain = 1.2 * total wattage * CLF

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When light is continuously on CLF =1
People

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• Qs = No. * Sensible heat gain/p * CLF
• Ql = No. * Latent heat gain/p

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Contd..
Equipment Load:
• Qs = qs * no * clf

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• Ql = ql * no

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Room Sensible Heat factor
• RSHF = total sensible heat/ total heat ( sensible + latent)

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Heating Loads:

A) External Loads:

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1) Conduction load through building envelope
2) Ventilation load

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3) Infiltration load

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Numerical
• An air conditioned room that stands on a well ventilated basement
measures 3 m wide, 3 m high and 6 m deep. One of the two 3 m
walls faces west and contains a double glazed glass window of size
1.5 m by 1.5 m, mounted flush with the wall with no external

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shading. There are no heat gains through the walls other than the
one facing west. Calculate the sensible, latent and total heat gains
on the room, room sensible heat factor from the following

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information. What is the required cooling capacity? Inside
conditions : 25 C dry bulb, 50 percent RH Outside conditions : 43 C
dry bulb, 24 C wet bulb
• U-value for wall : 1.78 W/m2 .K ;U-value for roof : 1.316 W/m2 .K;
U-value for floor : 1.2 W/m2 .K ;(CLTD) for wall: 25 C (CLTD) for roof:
30 C U-value for glass = 3.12 W/m2 .K; Solar Heat Gain (SHG) of glass
= 300 W/m2 ;Internal Shading Coefficient (SC) of glass: 0.86;
Occupancy : 4 (90 W sensible heat/person) (40 W latent
heat/person) Lighting load : 33 W/m2 of floor area
• Appliance load : 600 W (Sensible) + 300 W(latent) Infiltration : 0.5 25
Air Changes per Hour Barometric pressure : 101 kPa
Numerical II
• An air conditioned space is maintained at 26 C DBT, 50% RH
when the outdoor conditions are 35 C DBT, 28 C WBT. The
space has a sensible heat gain of 17.6 kW and the air to the

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space is supplied at a condition of 8 C saturated. Determine
• i) The mass and volume flow rate of the air supplied

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• ii) Latent heat load in the room
• iii) The cooling load of the refrigerator plant if 15% of total
mass of air supplied to the space is fresh air and the remaining
air is recirculated.

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Solution Hints II
• Mark out door condition(1) and indoor condition (2) in the
psychrometric chart

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• Join 1 and 2 and divide 1-2 at 3 in the ratio 1-3:2-3 = 85/15
(Why??)
• Draw vertical line from 8 C DBT to mark 4 at saturation line

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• Join 4-3, Now mark point 5 at the intersection of vertical line
from 2 and horizontal line from 4.
• Determine h1, v4, h2, h3, h4, h5
• Ma = Qs/h5-h4
• V= Ma*v4
• Ql = Ma* (h2-h5)
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• cooling load = Ma*(h3-h4)
Numerical III
• The following data were collected in connection with the design of air
conditioning a small theatre:
• Total seating capacity 350 persons
• Atmospheric Condition 34 C DBT and 70% R.H.

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• Comfort Condition Required 22 C DBT and 50% R.H.
• Sensible heat gain per person 320 kJ/hr
• Latent heat gain per person

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100 kJ/hr

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• Sensible heat due to solar gain and infiltrated air 1,600,000 kJ/hr
• Latent heat due to infiltrated air 80,000 kJ/hr
• Quantity of fresh air supplied 0.4m3/person/min
• Desirable temp rise in theatre 8C
• Assume the recirculated air is mixed with the fresh air after leaving the
conditioner.
• Using above data, Compute the followings:
A) The percentage of total air recirculated
B) Refrigeration capacity of the conditioner coil
Assume air leaves the conditioner coil with 100% R.H. 28
Numerical Hints III
• Example 19.10
• A course in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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• Domkundwar

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