Water Supply Design

Considerations

Muhammad Farhan Arooj

 Components of water supply
scheme
i. Collection: Dams, reservoirs, river intake,
pumping station, tubewells
ii. Transmission: Conduit, valves, pumping
station
iii. Treatment: Sedimentation, coagulation,
filtration, disinfection, storage
iv. Distribution: Pumping station, Overhead
reservoir, feeders, main, pipes, valves, fire
hydrants
 Future water requirement

• Selection of per capita water consumption (WC)

• Future population forecast

• Design period
 Economical period of design

Number of years in future for which proposed facility would

meet the demand of the community

• Length of life of structure ↑ (steel pipes-25yrs,concrete

pipes-75yrs)- dsn. Period ↑

• Ease of extension ↑ dsn. Period ↓

• Capital cost ↑ dsn. period ↓

• Economy of scale i.e size (per unit production cost

decreases with increase in scale of facility)

• Lead time ( perception of project to start) ↑ dsn. period ↑

 200 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 3,000 persons;
Cost =Rs 300,000 ; Cost/head=Rs100
400 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 12,000 persons;
Cost =Rs 480,000 ; Cost/head=Rs 40
 Design flows and design periods for
water supply components
1. Source of water supply:
a. Large dams, impounding reservoir (max. daily demand),
transmission main (conduit)
- costly difficult to enlarge (25-50 yrs)
b. Tubewells (5yrs)
design -Peak hourly (w/o storage)
-Max daily consumption (storage)
 Design flows and design periods
for water supply components
2. Water treatment plant-easy to enlarge (10-15yrs)
Dsn flow -max. daily flow
3. Pumping stations-easy (10 yrs)
Dsn flow –peak hourly flow, max. daily
flow+fireflow, average and min. demand
4. Distribution system- Difficult (25yrs)
Dsn flow-(max daily+fire demand)/peak hourly
 Problem 1
A community is expected to reach a population of
35000 in 20 yrs. It has present population of
28000 with average water consumption of 16x106
lit/day. The existing water treatment plant has a
design capacity of 28,350 m3/day. Assume an
arithmetic rate of population growth. Determine in
which year the existing plant will reach its design
capacity. Assume the plant to be designed on max.
daily consumption.
 Solution Problem 1
Pf =35000 , PO =28000,K=(35000-28000)/20=350person/yr
Avg WC per capita per day=(16x106 lit/day)/28000 persons
=571.4Lit/capita/day(Lpcd)
Max daily WC=1.5x571.4=857.14Lit/capita/day
Pf for water treatment plant=(28350x103)/857.1=33075 persons
Pf = PO + K(tf-to)
33075=28000+350(tf-to) ; (tf-to) =14.5≈14 yrs
 Problem 2
A small community had a population of 65000
and 85000 in the year of 1995 and 2005
respectively. Assuming a geometric growth
rate and an average WC of 300lit/cap/day.
Calculate the design flow for the treatment
plant and the transmission main from current
year. Select an appropriate value for design
period.
 Solution Problem 2
• P1995 =65000 , P2005=85000,
• Pf = POe Kn =85000= 65000x(e10K)
K=0.0268person/yr
For transmission main design period=25 yrs(design yr=2041)
Treatment plant =15 yrs(design yr=2031)
Pf (transmission main)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2041-2005))=223062.3
Pf (treatment plant)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2031-2005))=170622.1
Max daily WC=1.5x300=450Lit/capita/day
Capacity for transmission mains= 223062.3 x450=100378.1 m3/day
Capacity for treatment plant = 170622.1 x450=76779.95 m3/day
 Problem 3
The present population of a community is
160000 increasing at a geometric growth rate
of 0.043 per yr. The present water requirement
of the community are fully met by a number
of tube wells installed in the city. The average
WC is 350l/c/d. Using a design period of 15
yrs, calculate the number of additional tube-
wells of 3.4m3/min capacity to meet the
demand of design period.
 Solution problem 3
Avg WC=350l/c/d; design period=15yrs
Present population=Po=160000;K=0.043
Pf = POe Kn =160000X(e0.043x15)=304957.92
Additional poulation=304957.92-160000=144957.92
Total WC= 350x144957.92=50735272l/d=50735.2m3/day
Tubewell capacity=3.4x60x24=4896m3/day
With storage/ overhead reservoir(OHR)
max. Daily WC=1.5x50735.2=76102.9m3/day
Total no. of tube wells=76102.9/4896=15.5≈16
No overhead reservoir(OHR)
Peak hourly flow=2.25x50735.2=114154.4m3/day
Total no. of tubewells wells=114154.4/4896=23.3≈24
 Rainwater
Sources of water
dissolution of
CO2-H2CO3 Surface water
suspended solids (silt
clay) inorganic salts,
oils, organics,
nutrients, pesticides,
pathogens from
municipal, agricultural
runoff

Groundwater
Depth>35m
safe wrt micorbial contaminants
 Rainwater Surface Ground water
water
• Quality - • Quality and quantity • Small development
Satisfactory, are highly variable cost
dissolution of Subject to changing • Negligible evapo-
CO2-H2CO3 land use and transpiration losses
• Affected by evaporation • Consistent water
collection • Runoff and quality
systems and precipitates may add • High pumping
significant energy cost
storage contaminant
conditions • Variation in
• Requires elaborate standing water
treatment for use as level
drinking water • Higher dissolved
supplies solids and minerals
• Corrosion and
encrustation of
pipes and fittings
 Collection works
Intake :Device placed in a surface water source to
permit withdrawal of water from that sources

Parts of intake structure

1.Opening/strainer/grating
2.Conduit to convey water to sump
3.Sump/well from where water is pumped to treatment plant

Types of Intake :
Single port :constant/fixed depth (river, lake)
Multiport :selective draft from various depths(reservoir)
Factors affecting intake structure
Water Availability (stream, rainfall data, hydrological
modelling)
Sediment Transport (bed /suspended load)
Environmental Regulation (water rights, water
required for aquatic habitats)
Climatic Conditions (severe winter)
Initial and Maintenance Dredging (disposal
area)
Operation and Maintenance (moving /stationary
screen)
Reservoir intake
Lake intake(single port)
River intake (single port)
 Technical & Environmental
Considerations
Dams
• Location narrow gorge
• Solid foundation design
• Adequate height for storage to meet draft
requirement at max daily flow
• Upstream free from pollution (preferably
uninhabited)
• No discharge of industrial municipal agriculture
runoff (Rawal dam)
• Watershed area heavily forested to avoid siltation
in reservoir
 Technical & Environmental
Considerations
Intakes
• Location away from pollution sources (Hanna
lake-Quetta)
• Adequate submergence of ports to avoid floating
debris and meet navigational requirement
• Adequate elevation of conduit from stream/lake
bed to avoid bed debris
• Entering velocity <0.15m/s to avoid small fish
intrusion
 Distribution system
Gravity distribution
• Natural slope, spring at peak (Muree, D.G.Khan)
• Economical
• Site specific Design problems
Distribution by pump w/o storage

• Not practicable
• High electricity cost
• Operator role important (constant
attendance)
• Power /tubewell or fire breakdown problem
• Pressure variation
• Pumps at peak hourly flow
• Several pumps to confirm varying demand
Distribution with storage
 Pump with storage

• Excess water pumped during periods of low

consumption stored in OHR
• High consumption periods water drawn out
to augment pumped water
• Constant pumping rate
• Economical as pumping rate max. daily
flow instead of peak hourly flow
• More reliable due to fire fighting reserve
 Water supply pipes
• Durability
• Capital cost
• Maintenance cost
• Type of water to be conveyed (corrosive)
• Carrying capacity (size)
 Cast iron pipes
• Life-100 yrs (C-130(new)-100(old))
• Joints-flanged joints with rubber gasket
• Use-distribution system, treatment plants,
pumping stations & where rigidity strength and
joint tightness is required
• Disadvantages :Corrosion reduce capacity by
70%-must be lined with cement/bitumen
 Steel pipes
• Avg life-25-50 yrs (C=100)
• Jointing by welding
• Less carbon then CI
• Use-trunk mains, seldom used in
distribution system due to difficulty in
jointing
• Advantages: Stronger and lighter then CI
for high pressure pipes, Cheaper then CI
• Disadvantages : Cannot withstand vacuum,
Corrosion susceptible
 Galvanized iron pipe

• Life: 20 yrs (C=100)

• Dipping CI pipe in molten Zn
• Size :1/2”-24”
• Resistant to corrosion
• Use: distribution system , mains, esp where
soil is rocky & excavation can’t be done
and pipe is to be laid in open eg. In hilly
areas , plumbing
 Concrete pipe

• Avg life-75 yrs (C=138-152)

Usual size of RCC pipe >400 mm
• Advantages :inexpensive relatively ,withstand
high internal pressure /external load ,
corrosion resistance, long life, minimal
bedding.
• Disadvantages: Manufactured on site/near site,
heavy, exact pipe fittings to be laid in advance
 Asbestos cement
• Avg life-30-50 yr (C=140-130)
• Size 100-600mm
• Available length-4m
• Use :distribution system , transmission mains
• Advantages :immune to acid salt, corrosion, less
cost laying and jointing , Less pumping cost due
to less friction
 Polyvinyl chloride
• Expected life-25 yrs - 50 yrs(C=140)
• Size :350 mm size 12mm-600mm
• Mainly used for domestic plumbing easy to install
handle, distribution system
• Advantages :light weight, easy to install, Cheaper
, corrosion resistance, ease of jointing, easy
maintenance, long service life, small pumping
cost
• Disadvantages :Weak to sustain load, PVC brittle
in sunlight
 Ductile pipe

• Similar to CI except increased ductility

• Mg addition with low sulpher and
phosphorous content
• More expensive then CI
• Stronger tougher and elastic then CI
 Valves
1. Regulate flow, pressure
2. Cutoff supply for repair purposes
Location of valve
 2 valves at each intersection
 1 valve at fire hydrant
 1 valve /400 m length
 Avg. 8 valves/km of main
 Types of valves
• Gate/sluice valve-inexpensive
shutoff w/s mains for repair,
generally placed at street
corners at intersecting lines

• Globe valve-plumbing system ,

cause head loss
Check Valve(Reflex valve)

• Uni-directional flow

• discharge side of pump to

reduce water hammer
effect (pumping stations)

37
 Butterfly Valve
Used in filter plants and high pressure
distribution system
shuts off slowly to avoid water hammer

38
 Pressure regulating valve
• Reduce pressure d/s side to any desired magnitude
(60 psi)
• Spring and adjustable diaphragm in order to
increase or decrease the water pressure within the
water supply service
 Air relief valve
accumulated air to escape and external air to
enter pipe to break vacuum. placed at high
point of line
 Blow off valve
• Drain line remove accumulated mud
• Located at low points in pipeline
 Altitude valve
• close automatically a supply line to an elevated tank
when full
• Differential in forces between a spring load and the
water level in the reservoir.
• When the force of the spring is overcome by the
force of the reservoir head, the pilot closes the main
valve
• Desired high water level set by
adjusting the spring force
 Fire hydrants
Atleast 2 hose outlets and
larger pumper outlet 1m3/min
Located at street
intersection 1-2 m from
the edge of road 0.5 m
 Layout water distribution

• Irregularly developed cities

• Easy design
• Less valve to cut off supplies
• Stagnation
• Large portions of cities for repairs to be cut off
• no stagnation
• More valves (costly)
• Difficult to design
• Expensive option
• more common in developed countries
 Types of water supply
Continuous-fire demand
• no infiltration
• more water use
Intermittent- fire breakdown
• Infiltration
• storing water in dirty containers
• taps carelessly kept open
• consumers waste stored water to get fresh
water
 Capacity of overhead reservoir
Objective of storage
• Uniform pumping rate/day or desired
pumping rate
• Equalize demand over a period of high use
or when pumping discontinued
• Emergency (fire,tubewell changes,electrical
breakdown)
Storage capacity=equalizing storage(15-30%
Max day.)+firefighting(2-10hrs)
+emergency(variable)
 Pipe distribution system
Primary feeders main skeleton
• Water pumping to OHR and various parts of
city
• In cities form loops
• Provided with air relief valve blow off valve
• Size >300mm ϕ
 Pipe distribution system
Secondary feeder
• From Primary to cater for normal supplies
+firefighting(12”- lahore)
• Smaller loops within loops
• In cities few blocks apart
• 200mm,250,300mm ϕ
 Pipe distribution system

Small distribution mains

• Form grid over areas and supply
• Water to fire hydrant and domestic supply
lines (150 mm ϕ)

Domestic supply lines(<100-150 mm ϕ)

 Consideration pipe layout
• Right of way: not intersect private property
• Not on mines/ military remains
• Not damage existing infrastructure (telephone
lines, sewerage pipes etc.
• For high points use air release valves and low
points blow off valve
• Avoid point of inflection
• When crossing river /stream better to attach with
bridge or if passing through stream keep narrowest
section or widest one if u want to bury pipes
• Concrete blocks at point of inflection (thrust
blocks)
 Pressure in water distribution
system
• Residential areas (3 stories)-150-300kPa(15-30m)

• Residential areas (firefighting )-400kPa(40m)

• Commercial areas-500KPa(50m)
Velocities in water supply system
• Velocities in water supply system<1 m/s
• 2 m/s upper limit may be reached near fire
flows
• Min velocity-0.25m/s (WASA)
 Hazen-Williams equation for
pipe flow
Headloss in pipes (water supply network)
Empirical
Named after Allen Hazen and Gardner
Stewart Williams.

• V=velocity(m/s)
• R=hydraulic radius(m)
• S=slope of hydraulic grade line=headloss/unit length of pipe=H/L
• C=hazen williams coefficient
 Hazen-Williams equation for
pipe flow

• H=headloss(m)
• Q=flow rate(m3/sec)
• L=length of pipe(m)
• d=diameter(m)
• C=hazen williams coefficient
 Problem1
• Calculate the diameter of pipe 1Km laid to
discharge a flow of 1000m3/day under a
headloss of 10m(C=100)(ans:133.7mm)
• A 6-km-long, new cast-iron pipeline carries
320 l /s of water .The pipe diameter is 30
cm. Find the head loss (H=335.5m)