Carbohydrate

“
There’s no such thing
as a bad carbohydrate

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 Introduction

Carbohydrates consist of the element carbon,hydrogen

and oxygen

There are three main types of carbohydrates

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 Carbohydat
es

Monosaccharides Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
(simple sugars) (complex sugars)

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

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 Monosaccharides

⬗ Monomers of carbohydrates.(small molecules that

build a polymer)
⬗ Cannot be breakdown
⬗ Basic sub-units of complex carbohydrates
⬗ Examples:-
◇ Glucose (grape sugar)
◇ Fructose (found in sweet fruits and honey)
◇ Galactose (found in milk)
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⬗ Act as reducing agent in Benedict’s test
⬗ Benedict’s test are used to detect the presence in a
solution
⬗ When monosaccharides added to Benedict’s solution
and heated,they reduce copper(II) sulphate in
Benedict’s solution to form a brick-red precipitate of
copper(I) oxide
⬗ Long chained monosaccharides combine with
proteins and lipids to form glycoprotein and
glycolipids
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 Polysaccharide

⬗ Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides can be linked through

condensation reaction to form a long chain of molecules or a polymer.
⬗ Polysaccharides are polymers formed by the condensation of glucose
monomers.
⬗ Polysaccharides are relatively insoluble
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in water due to their large
molecular size. Polysaccharides do not taste sweet and do not
crystallise.
⬗ Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose.
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⬗ Starch
◇ Starch is found in wheat, rice, potatoes, bread and corn.
◇ Starch is the main energy storage compound in plants. The iodine
test is carried out to test for the presence of starch in a leaf. (If
starch is present, the iodine solution changes from brown to blue-
black).

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⬗ Glycogen
◇ Glycogen is the main reserve of carbohydrates in animals and
yeast.
◇ It is stored in the liver and muscle cells. Glycogen is also referred
to as animal starch.

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⬗ Cellulose
◇ Cellulose is the substance of which plant cell walls are made.
Cellulose provides support for plant cells.
◇ Polysaccharides can be hydrolysed or broken down into smaller
molecules by adding dilute acids, by boiling and through
enzymatic reactions.

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 Disaccharides

⬗ Two monosaccharide molecules combine together with the

removal of a molecule of water to form a disaccharide
molecule.
◇The process is called condensation.
⬗ The formula of a disaccharide is: C10 H 22 O12
⬗ It is also known as complex sugars.

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 Disaccharides can be broken down to their constituent
monosaccharides by hydrolysis process

Monosaccharide condensation Disaccharides

(water removed)
+ +

Monosaccharide hydrolysis (water added) Water

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⬗ All disaccharides are sweet, soluble in water and form
crystals.
⬗ Reducing sugars are sugars that can act as reducing
agents.
⬗ Test for a reducing sugar:
◇ When a solution of sugar is heated with Benedict's
solution, the formation of a brick-red precipitate
indicates a reducing sugar is present.
◇ Reason: Benedict's solution contains copper(II)
sulphate which is blue in colour. The reducing sugar
reduces Cu 2+ in the Benedict's solution to Cu +. The
brick-red precipitate is copper(I) oxide.
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Terima Kasih

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