 Land

1. Built up land – all areas used for buildings of all types.

2. Open lands – open spaces including roads, gardens,
parks, playgrounds etc.

• Elements of City Plan

1. Communications : Roadways, railways,airways, waterways.

2. Built-up areas: residential buildings, public and semi-public

buildings, commercial buildings, indistries.

3. Open areas : for recreation like gardens, parks etc., open lands
for graveyards, burial places etc.

4. Public utility services : Water supply, electricity, gas.

Telephone.

5. Public amenities: eg: post office, petrol pump, fire station.

Dairies, refuse deposits etc.
 Usually 5 distinct parts:
1. Town centre – central area of commercial and
administrative blocks, theatres, library etc.
2. Industrial area – goods production site.
3. Residential area – houses, shops, primary schools, service
industries etc.
4. Open space – land left in the natural state for the benefit
of the people.
5. Town periphery – land at the town boundary which is
directly influenced by the town.
 Town elements not only should function properly but in a pleasing
way.

 Accomplished in three ways viz. Creative, Preventive, Destructive

measures.

A. Creative measures:
1. Buildings to be built satisfying certain architectural standards.

2. Residential neighbourhoods neatly planned.

3. Residences compelled to have gardens around.

4.Planning of appropriate trees on road sides and planting them.

5. Proper illumination of streets done with suitable street lights to enhance

the beauty.

6. All open spaces to be converted to parks, lawns etc. and landscaped as far
as possible.
B. Preventive measures:
1. Preventing the construction of structures which does not suit
to the surroundings.

2. Control of advertisements in public places.

C. Destructive measures:

1. Any structure found to be ugly and useless can be removed

gradually.

2. Open drains can be replaced by underground drains.

3. Overhead telephone lines can be replaced by underground

cables.
Important features to be considered are:
1. Availability of natural advantages
2. Availability of electric power.
3. Available means of communication
4. Climatic conditions.
5. Contours of the area.
6. Development of surrounding area
7. Drainage of the area
8. Facility for sewage disposal
9. Fertility and nature of soils
10. Frequency of floods
 (11) Growth of the trees
 (12) Position of the sreams and lakes.
 (13)water resources etc.
According to Planning authority the categories
are:
1. Local planning
2. Country planning
3. Regional planning
4. National Planning
5. International Planning
 Development plans for a town/city prepared
keeping in view of local, economic conditions.
 Aims at :
◦ proper distribution of population densities.
◦ Traffic regulations.
◦ Location of shopping and recreation centres
◦ Provision of green belts.
◦ Zoning etc.
 Area surrounding a town is properly developed.
 Usually town surrounded by villages, hence rural
planning also essential.
 For this:
◦ Surrounding villages linked with suitable transport
facilities.
◦ Encouragement for village industries such as dairy,
poultry farming, coir industry, weaving etc.
◦ Other related village development schemes
implemented.
 Region includes the territory lying within easy
reach such as 15 – 50 km and containing number
of villages and townships. In this area interactions
are more intense.
 Helps to develop the region in a coordinated
manner.
 Deals with planning of regional highways, regional
transport, regional water supply, drainage etc.
Necessity:
1. Avoids wasteful duplication of facilities.
2. Most profitable utilisation of resources .
3. Grants mutual control over the areas in the
preparation of base development plans.
4. Planned and harmonious development of
national economy.
5. Serves as a link of Co-operation and co-
ordination between the areas.
 Planning at national level.
 Considers the resources and potentialities in
different fields of the nation as a whole.
 Helps to utilise the national resources in the best
possible way for national development.
 Works of natinal importance like railways,
irrigation, heavy industries, hydro-electric works
etc. comes under this.
 5 year plan is an eg.
 Came into existence with the establishment of
United Nations Organisation.
 Aims at promoting co-operation and goodwill
among different nations.
 Various agencies appointed by the UNO conducts
surveys in various fields of human life like
education, health, housing, food etc. and provides
remedies and solutions to these problems at
international level.