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Junction Transistors
BITX20 bidirectional SSB transceiver
A BITX20 single stage
A simplified single stage
+12 V
R1
R2
0V
A potential divider
+12 V +12 V
R1 R1
R2 R2
0V 0V
An NPN Transistor
+12 V
R1
Collector
Base
R2
Emitter
0V
The transfer resistor (transistor)
Base
Electrons are
negative
(Original patent used point contact)
A silicon atom (Si)
Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
A pure silicon crystal lattice
An Arsenic atom (As)
? ?
Arsenic doping (group 5) – N type
Si Si As Si
-
Si Si Si Si
-
Si As Si Si
A Gallium atom (Ga)
Ga
? ?
Gallium doping (group 3) – P type
Si Ga Si Si
Si Si Si Si
+
Si Si Ga Si
Holes are
positive
A P-N Junction (N on left)
N Type Depleted P Type
Si Si Si Si As Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
- +
Si As Si Si Si Si Ga Si Ga Si Si Si
Si Si As Si Si Si Si Ga Si Si Si Ga
- +
Si Si Si Si As Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
- +
Si As Si Si Si Si Si Si Ga Si Si Si
Si Si As Si Si As Si Ga Si Si Si Ga
- +
Si Si Si Si As Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
- +
Si As Si Si Si Si Ga Si Ga Si Si Si
What causes the depletion?
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Volts
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
The transfer resistor (transistor)
Base
Electrons are
negative
(Original patent used point contact)
An alloy NPN Transistor (powered up)
P Depletion
Base
Most alloy transistors (e.g. OC71) were germanium PNP
Characteristics of transistors
• Geometry
• Carrier movement
• Collector “collection” efficiency (Alpha)
• Asymmetry: Efficiency / Breakdown voltages
• Common base
• Emitter follower (common collector)
• Common emitter
Collector
Base
Emitter
The first transistor circuit: Common base
+12V
Output
R Collector
Current
Base
0V
Input
Variable
R Emitter
Current
-1 V
Common Emitter
+12 V
Input
Base
Voltage
(Positive)
Emitter
0V Grounded
Diode junction (BC107 base-emitter)
Milliamps
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Volts
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Emitter follower
+12 V Collector
to supply
Input line
Base
Voltage
R Output
Emitter
0V Voltage
Our original circuit
0V
•More in a later talk
Questions?
(Summary follows)
Common Emitter
+12 V
Input
Base
Voltage
(Positive)
Emitter
0V Grounded
Features of Common Emitter
R Output
Emitter
0V Voltage
Features of Emitter followers
+12 V
Output
R Collector
Voltage
0V
Input
Emitter
Voltage
(Negative)
Features of Common Base
N P N
A Planar PNP Transistor on an N substrate
P N P
N substrate