TRACTUS DIGESTIVUS

dr Aris Prasetyo,MKes
THE ORAL CAVITY
Salivary Glands
Swallowing, or deglutition
 Distribution of gastrointestinal peptides along the gastrointestinal tract. The
thickness of each bar is roughly proportionate to the concentration of the
peptide in the mucosa. Preproglucagon is processed primarily to glucagon in A
cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to glicentin, GLP-1, GLP-2, and
other derivatives in L cells in the lower gastrointestinal tract
 Gastric glands didominasi oleh 2
tipe sel sekretorik:
• (1) parietal cells
• (2) chief cells.
 Sel Parietal mensekresi:
• intrinsic factor, penting untuk absorbsi
vitamin B12
• hydrochloric acid (HCl)
 pH 1.5-2.0 gastric juice, penting
untuk :
• membunuh microorganisme yg masuk
bersama makanan
• mendenaturasi protein dan
menginactivasi enzym dalam makanan.
• Memesah dinding sel makanan yang
berasal dari tumbuhan dan jaringan ikat
daging
• Mengaktifkan pepsin, enzim protease
yang disecresi oleh chief cells.
 Chief Cell
• mensecresi pepsinogen
• Mensekresi Rennin atau chymosin, dan
gastric lipase, enzym yang penting untuk
mencerna susu pada bayi baru lahir
 produksi asam dan enzim oleh
mucosa lambung
• (1) dicontrol CNS
• (2) diregulasi reflex dinding lambung
• (3) diregulasi hormon traktus digestivus.
 Usus halus
• (1) duodenum
• (2) jejunum
• (3) ileum.
 Diagrammatic representation of the layers of the wall of the stomach, small
intestine, and colon. The structure of the esophagus and the distal rectum is
similar, except that they have no serosa or mesentery. In addition, the muscle
in the upper quarter of the esophagus is striated, and there is a transitional
zone of mixed smooth and striated muscle before the muscle becomes solely
smooth in the distal esophagus
The Movement of Digestive
Materials
 Diagram of segmentation contractions of the intestine.
Arrows indicate how areas of relaxation become areas of
constriction and vice versa.
 The Control of Digestive
• Neural
• Hormonal
• local mechanisms
 duodenum
• 25 cm
• Berhubungan langsung dengan lambung
• disebut"mixing bowl“ karena menerima
chyme dari lambung dan sekresi dari
pancreas dan liver.
 jejunum
• 2.5 meters
• Pencernaan kimia terbesar dan absorpsi
nutrien terjadi di jejunum
 ileum
• 3.5 meter
• Berakhir pada sphincter, ileocecal valve,
yang mengontrol kecepatan makanan dari
ileum ke cecum
 Integrated action of gastrointestinal hormones in regulating digestion
and utilization of absorbed nutrients. The dashed arrows indicate
inhibition. The exact identity of the hormonal factor or factors from the
intestine that inhibit(s) gastric acid secretion and motility is unsettled,
but it may be peptide YY
 pancreatic enzymes
• Pancreatic alpha-amylase carbohydrase
identic dengan salivary amylase.
• Pancreatic lipase memecah lipids,
menghasilkan asam lemak yang mudah
diabsorbsi
• Nuclease yang memecah nucleic acids.
• proteases and peptidases enzyme yang
memecah protein
 Fungsi liver
• (1) mengatur metabolisme
• (2) hematological regulation
• (3) memproduksi empedu
 Metabolik regulation
• Metabolisme Carbohydrate.
• Metabolisme Lipid
• Metabolisme Asam Amino
• Membuang sampah tubuh
• Vitamin storage.
• Mineral storage.
• Drug inactivation
 hematological regulation
• Phagocytosis antigen
• Synthesis plasma protein.
• Mengubah/ membuang hormones di
sirkulasi.
• Mengubah/ membuang antibodies.
• Menetralisir/ membuang toxin
Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The solid lines entering the portal
system represent bile salts of hepatic origin, whereas the dashed lines
represent bile salts resulting from bacterial action.
 Usus besar
• (1) cecum, bagian awal
• (2) colon, bagian terbesar
• (3) rectum, 15 cm terakhir
Wis entek

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