Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger

PLATE AND FRAME HEAT
EXCHANGER
engineering-resource.com
PRESENTED BY
• HAFEERA SHABBIR 06-CHEM-19
• MUBASHRA LATIF 06-CHEM-23
• PAKEEZA TARIQ MEER 06-CHEM-65
• MAHPARA MUGHAL 06-CHEM-69
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Construction
• Principle of Operation
• Applications
• Advantages
• Limitations of Operation
• Comparison of with STH
• Design steps with Solved example
Introduction
• It is a type of compact heat exchanger
• A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat
exchanger that uses metal plates to
transfer heat between two fluids
CONSTRUCTION
• Based on their construction plate and
frame heat exchangers are classified into
• (a) Gasketed–plate
• (b) Welded-plate
GASKETED-PLATE HEAT
EXCHANGER(GPHE)
• Parallel corrugated plates clamped in a frame
with each plate sealed by gaskets and with four
corners ports, one pair for each of the two fluids.
• The fluids are at all times separated by 2
gaskets, each open to the atmosphere. Gasket
failure cannot result in fluid intermixing but
merely in leakage to atmosphere, hence a
protective cover is there.
Construction of GPHE
• Plates
• Gaskets
• Plate frame
PLATES
• Plate thickness is 0.4 to 0.8 mm
• Channel lengths are 2-3 meters
• Plates are available in: Stainless Steel,
Titanium, Titanium-Palladium, Nickel
PLATES
PATTERNS
1)Induce turbulence for high HT coefficient
2)Reinforcement and plate support points that
maintains inter-plate separation.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
• Mainly 2 types of patterns (corrugations) are

used
1)Intermating or washboard corrugations
2)Chevron or herringbone corrugations
CHEVRON OR HERRINGBONE
• Most common type
• Corrugations are pressed to same depth as
plate spacing
• Operate at High pressure
• Corrugation depth 3mm to 5mm
• Velocity 0.1 to 1 m/s
CHEVRON CORRUGATIONS
INTERMATING TROUGH PATTERNS
• Pressed deeper than spacing

• Fewer connection points
• Operate at Lower pressure
• Max channel gap 3mm to 5mm
• Min channel gap 1.5 mm to 3 mm
• Velocity range in turbulent region is 0.2 to 3 m/s
DIMPLE CORRUGATIONS
GASKETS
• They limit the maximum operating
temperature for a plate heat exchanger.
Material selection depends upon
1)Chemical resistance
2)Temperature resistance
3)Sealing properties
4)Shape over an acceptable period of time
GASKET MATERIALS
• Typical gasket materials are
Natural rubber styrene
Resin cured butyl
Compressed asbestos fiber gaskets
FRAMES
• Materials
1)Carbon steel with a synthetic resin finish
2)stainless steel
WELDED PLATE HEAT
EXCHAGERS(WPHE)
• Developed to overcome the limitations of
the gasket in GPHE
• Inabilty of heat transfer area inspection
and mechanical cleaning of that surface
OPERATION
• Channels are formed between the plates and corner
ports are arranged so that the two media flow through
alternate channels.
• The heat is transferred through the thin plate between
the channels, and complete counter current flow is
created for highest possible efficiency. No intermixing of
the media or leakage to the surroundings will take place
as gaskets around the edges of the plates seal the unit.
APPLICATIONS
3 major applications
• (1)liquid-liquid services
• (2)condensing and evaporative
• (3)Central cooling
LIQUID-LIQUID SERVICES
• It is well-suited to liquid/liquid duties in
turbulent flow, i.e. a fluid sufficiently
viscous to produce laminar flow in a
smooth surface heat exchanger may well
be in turbulent flow in PHE.
• It has major applications in the food
industry.
CONDENSATION AND
VAPORIZATION
• Condensation of vapor (including steam)
at moderate pressure, say 6 to 60 Psi, is
also economically handled by PHE’s, but
duties involving large volumes of very low
pressure gas or vapor are better suited to
other forms of heat exchangers
CENTRAL COOLING
• It is the cooling of a closed circuit of fresh
non-corrosive and non-fouling water for
use inside a plant, by means of brackish
water. Central coolers are made of
titanium, to withstand the brackish water
ADVANTAGES
• Compactness
• Flexibility
• Very high heat transfer coefficients on
both sides of the exchanger
• Close approach temperatures and fully
counter-current flow
• Ease of maintenance. Heat transfer area
can be added or subtracted with out
complete dismantling the equipment
CONTD…..
• Ease of inspection on both sides
• Ease of cleaning
• Savings in required flow area
• Low hold-up volume
• Low cost
• No Local over heating and possibility of
stagnant zones is also reduced
• Fouling tendency is less
LIMITATIONS
• Low Pressure
upto 300 psi
• Low temperature
upto 300 F
• Limited capacity
• Limited plate size
0.02 sq.m to 1.5 sq.m
• Large difference b/w flow rates cant be
handled
• High pressure drop
• Potential for leakage
COMPARISON BETWEEN PHE
AND STHE
FEATURES PHE STHE
•Multiple duty Possible Impossible
•Hold up volume Low High
•Gaskets On each plate On flanged
joints
•modifications Easy by adding impossible
or removing
plates
FEATURES PHE STHE
•Repair Easy to replace Requires tube
plates and plugging
gaskets
•Detection of Easy to detect Difficult to
leakage detect
•Access for On each side of Limited
inspection plate
•Time reqd. for 15 min 60 to 90 min
opening
•Fouling 15 to 20 % of
STHE
FEATURES PHE STHE
Sensitivity to Not sensitive sensitive

vibrations
DESIGN STEPS
WITH SOLVED
EXAMPLE
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• A plate heat exchanger was use to preheat 4
kg/s of dowtherm from 10 to 70◦C with a hot
water condensate that was cooled from 95 to
60◦C.Determine the number of plates required
for a single-pass counter flow plate and frame
exchanger. Assume that each mild stainless-
steel plate [kw=45j/s.m.K]has a length of 1.0m
and a width of 0.25m with a spacing between the
plates of 0.005m.Also,estimate the pressure
drop of the hot water stream as it flows through
the exchanger.
DATA REQUIRED
• The performance characteristics for the
chevron configuration selected for the
plates are shown . For
• Re > 100,Nu and f can be represented by
the following relationships:
• Nu = 0.4 Re0.64Pr0.4
• f = 2.78Re-0.18
• :
ASSUMPTIONS
• The plate heat exchanger operates under steady state
conditions.
• No phase change occurs: both fluids are single phase
and are unmixed.
• Heat losses are negligible; the exchanger shell is
adiabatic.
• The temperature in the fluid streams is uniform over
the flow cross section.
• There is no thermal energy source or sink in the heat
exchanger.
• The fluids have constant specific heats.
• The fouling resistance is negligible.
Properties of each fluid at the mean
temperature in the exchanger are
property Dowtherm at 40◦C Water at 77◦C
Heat capacity CP 4.198*103J/kg.K

1.622*103 J/kg.K
Thermal conductivity k 0.138 J/.m.K 0.668J/s.m.K
Viscosity µ 2.70*10-3Pa.s 3.72*10-4Pa.s
Density ρ 1.044*102kg/m3 9.74*102kg/m3
SOLUTION
• APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM:
• To avoid an iterative calculation because of the
interdependency between the heat transfer area
and the total flow area, use the NTU approach to
determine the NTUmin required, noting that
NTUmin=UA/(mCp)min.the area of the plate and
frame exchanger can be calculated once the
overall heat transfer coefficient has been
evaluated.
•
CALCULATION OF HT AREA
• For a single pass configuration with Np plates
and NP+1 flow passages ,solution of the problem
can be simplified mathematically by assuming n
flow passages and n-1 plates ,since flow
velocities involve flow passages and not plates.
with this modification, the heat transfer surface
area of the exchanger in terms of n is
• A=(n-1)LW=(n-1)(1)(0.25)=0.25(n-1)m2
CALCULATION OF FLOW AREA
• The flow area for each stream with n/2flow
passages is given by:
S=n/2(W)(b)
=n/2(0.25)(0.005)
=(6.25*10-4)n.
CALCULATION OF HEAT DUTY
AND FLOW RATES
TOTAL RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER:
FOR DOWTHERM
q= (mCpΛT)c
=4(1.622*103)(70-10)
=3.89*105W
THE MASS FLOW RATE OF WATER :
mh=q/(CPΛT)h
=3.89*105/(4.198*103)(95-60)
=2.65 Kg/s
VELOCITY OF WATER:
Vh =mh /ρhS
=2.65/(9.74*102)(6.25*10-4)n
=(4.35/n)m/s
• EQUIVALENT DIAMETER:
De=2b
=0.01m
CALCULATION OF HOT SIDE
HT COEFFICIENT
• REYNOLD NUMBER:
Reh=DeVhρh /µh
=0.01(4.35/n)(9.74*102)/(3.72*10-4)
=1.139*105/n
This indicates that Reynold number is greater than 100 and correlation
for Nu can be used.
Pr NUMBER:
Prh = Cpµ/k
= (4.198*103)(3.72*10-4)/0.668
=2.34
• hh = (0.4)(kh/De)Re0.64Pr0.4
=[0.668/0.01][1.139*105/n]0.64(2.34)0.4
=6.467*104/n0.64W/m2.K
CALCULATION OF COLD SIDE
HT COEFFICIENT
The same calculations are repeated for cold stream.
V=mc/ρc S
=4.0/(1.044*103)(6.25*10-4)n
=6.13/n
Re=DeVcρc/µc
=0.01(6.13/n)(1.044*103)/(2.70*10-3)
=2.37*104/n
Prc=(1.622*103)(2.70*10-3)/(0.138)
=31.73
This also indicates that Re>100
hc=(0.4)(kc/De)Re0.64Pr0.4
=(0.4)(0.138/0.01)(237*104/n)0.64 (31.73)0.4
=1.388*104 /n0.64 W/m2.K
CALCULATION OF OVERALL
HT COEFFICIENT
• The overall heat transfer coefficient can now be
determined in terms of n. Since the surface
areas on either side of the plate are the same,
no correction for area is required.
• Assume a thickness of the plate xw of 0.0032m
1/U=1/hh+xw/kw+1/hc
=n0.64/(6.467*104)+(0.0032)/(45)+n0.64/(1.388*104)
=8.751*10-5n0.647+7.11*10-5 m. K/W
USING THE NTU METHOD
• A NTUmin for cold stream with a minimum mcp is defined
NTUmin=UA/(Mcp)min
=Tc,out–Tc,in/ fΛT◦,log mean
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFF:
ΛT◦,log mean:
=(Th,in-Tc,out)-(Th,out–Tc,in)/ln[(Th,in-Tc,out)/Th,out-Tc,in)]
=(95-70)-(60-10)/ln[(95-70)/(60-10)]
=36.067 K.
• For a single pass counter flow plate and frame heat

exchanger ,F=1.
• NTU =70-10/36.067
=1.664
• To satisfy the other NTU definition of
UA/(Mc) in terms of results in the relation
• 1.664 = ( 1
)(
0.25(n-1)
)
8.751*105n0.64+7.11*10-5 4.0(1.622*103)
ITERATIVE METHOD
• This equation can be solved with itreration
to indicate that n=51.Thus 50 plates are
required to meet to the heat transfer needs
to preheat 4kg/s of dowtherm from 10 to
70◦C.
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
• PRESSURE DROP IN WATER STREAM:
• Vh =4.35/51=0.0853m/s
• Reh=1.139*105/51=2233
• Since Re>100
• f =2.78Re-0.18
• =2.78(2233)-0.18
• =0.694
CONTD..
• Neglecting friction due to entrance and exit
losses as well as temperature effects on the
viscosity between the wall and the bulk fluids.
• So pressure drop is calculated from the following
equation:
• ΛP=4f(L/De)ρh Vh2 /2
• =4(0.694)(1/0.01) (9.74*102)(0.0853)2/2
• =984N/m2
• =984Pa
CONCLUSION
• Since the entrance and exit losses will be
small, the pressure drop per plate
• is small, and a new configuration with
modified dimensions should be
considered.

Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger

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Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger

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PLATE AND FRAME HEAT

• Mainly 2 types of patterns (corrugations) are

• Pressed deeper than spacing

Sensitivity to Not sensitive sensitive

property Dowtherm at 40◦C Water at 77◦C

Heat capacity CP 4.198*103J/kg.K

Thermal conductivity k 0.138 J/.m.K 0.668J/s.m.K

Viscosity µ 2.7010-3Pa.s 3.7210-4Pa.s

Density ρ 1.044102kg/m3 9.74102kg/m3

• For a single pass counter flow plate and frame heat

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