Microwave Filter Design

By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang
 Contents

1. Composite filter
2. LC ladder filter
3. Microwave filter

2
 Composite filter
Matching High-f Matching
Sharp
section cutoff section
cutoff
m=0.6 constant m- m=0.6
Zo
1
2
 k derived 1
 Zo
T m<0.6 2

ZiT ZiT ZiT

m<0.6 for m-derived section is to place the pole near the cutoff frequency(wc)
For 1/2  matching network , we choose the Z’1 and Z’2 of the circuit so that

Z '1 Z '2 1  Z '1 / 4Z '2  Zo

Z '1 Z '2 / 1  Z '1 / 4Z '2  ZiT

3
 Image method
I1 I2

+ A B +
Zi1 V1 C D  V2 Zi2
 
- -

Zin1 Zin2

Let’s say we have image impedance for the network Zi1 and Zi2
Where
Zi1= input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is terminated with Zi2
Zi2= input impedance at port 2 when port 1 is terminated with Zi1

V1  AV2  BI 2 Where Zi2= V2 / I2

Then @
I1  CV2  DI 2 and V1 = - Zi1 I1 4
 ABCD for T and  network
Z1/2 Z1/2 Z1

Z2 2Z2 2Z2

T-network -network

 Z1 Z12   Z1 
1  Z1    1  2Z Z1 
 2Z 2 4Z 2 
 2 
 1 Z1   1  Z1 Z
 Z 1 1 1 
 2 2Z 2   Z 2 4Z 2 2 2Z 2 

5
 Image impedance in T and  network
Z1/2 Z1/2 Z1

Z2 2Z2 2Z2

T-network -network
Substitute ABCD in terms of Z1 and Z2 Substitute ABCD in terms of Z1 and Z2

Image impedance Image impedance

ZiT  Z1Z 2 1  Z1 / 4Z 2 Zi  Z1Z 2 / 1  Z1 / 4Z 2  Z1Z 2 / ZiT

Propagation constant Propagation constant

e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  Z1 / Z 2   Z12 / 4Z 22  e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  Z1 / Z 2   Z12 / 4Z 22 

6
 Composite filter

Matching High-f Matching

Sharp
section cutoff section
cutoff
m=0.6 constant m- m=0.6
Zo
1
2
 k derived 1
 Zo
T m<0.6 2

ZiT ZiT ZiT

7
Constant-k section for Low-pass filter
using T-network
L/2 L/2
Z1  jw L
C Z 2  1 / jw C

L w 2 LC
Z iT  Z1Z 2 1  Z1 / 4 Z 2  1
C 4
2
If we define a cutoff frequency w c 
LC
L
And nominal characteristic impedance Z o 
C
w2 Zi T= Zo when w=0
Then ZiT  Z o 1 2
w c 8
 continue
Propagation constant (from page 11), we have


e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  Z1 / Z 2   
Z12 / 4Z 22   1 w
2w 2

2w w 2
1
2
c wc wc2
Two regions can be considered

w<wc : passband of filter --> Zit become real and  is imaginary (= jb )
since w2/wc2-1<1

w>wc : stopband of filter_--> Zit become imaginary and  is real (= a )

since w2/wc2-1<1
a,b passband wc stopband
wc a
Mag 
b
w w 9
 Constant-k section for Low-pass filter
using -network
L
Z1  jw L

C/2 C/2
Z 2  1 / jw C

Z o2 Zo
Z i  Z1Z 2 / Z iT  
 w 2   w 2  Zi = Zo when w=0
 Z 1   1 
 o
w c 
2  w c 
2
 


e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  Z1 / Z 2   
Z12 / 4Z 22   1 w
2w 2

2w w 2
1
2
c wc wc2

Propagation constant is the same as T-network

10
Constant-k section for high-pass filter
using T-network
2C 2C

Z1  1 / jw C
L
Z 2  jw L

L 1
Z iT  Z1Z 2 1  Z1 / 4Z 2  1 2
C 4w LC
1
If we define a cutoff frequency w c 
2 LC
L
And nominal characteristic impedance Z o 
C
wc 2 Zi T= Zo when w = 
Then Z iT  Z o 1 2
w 11
 Constant-k section for high-pass filter
using -network
C

Z1  1 / jw C
2L 2L
Z 2  jw L

Z o2 Zo
Z i  Z1Z 2 / Z iT  
 w 2   w 2 
Zi = Zo when w= 
 Z 1 c   1 c 
 o w 2   w 2 
   c 


e  1  Z1 / 2Z 2  Z1 / Z 2   Z12 / 4Z 22   1 2w c 2

2w c wc 2
1
w 2
w w 2

Propagation constant is the same for both T and -network

12
 Composite filter

Matching High-f Matching

Sharp
section cutoff section
cutoff
m=0.6 constant m- m=0.6
Zo
1
2
 k derived 1
 Zo
T m<0.6 2

ZiT ZiT ZiT

13
 m-derived filter T-section
mZ1/2 mZ 1/2
Z1/2 Z1/2 Z'1/2 Z'1/2

Z2 /m
Z2 Z'2
1  m2
Z1
4m

Constant-k section suffers from very slow attenuation rate and non-constant
image impedance . Thus we replace Z1 and Z2 to Z’1 and Z’2 respectively.
Let’s Z’1 = m Z1 and Z’2 to obtain the same ZiT as in constant-k section.
Z12 Z1 '2 m2 Z12
ZiT  Z1Z 2   Z1 ' Z 2 '  mZ1Z '2 
4 4 4
Solving for Z’2, we have

Z1Z 2 
Z12
 mZ1Z '2 
m 2 Z12
Z '2  
 
Z 2 1  m 2 Z12
4 4 m 4m 14
 Low -pass m-derived T-section
mL/2 mL/2
For constant-k
mC section
Z1  jw L
1  m2
4m
L Z 2  1 / jw C

Z '1  jw Lm and Z '2 

1

1  m2 
jw L

jw Cm 4m
Propagation constant
e  1  Z '1 / 2Z '2  Z '1 / Z '2   Z '12 / 4Z '22 
jw Lm  2w m / w c 
2
Z '1
 
 
Z '2 1 / jw Cm  jw L 1  m / 4m 1  1  m2 w / w c 2
2
 
1  w / w c 
2
Z '1 1
1 
 
4Z '2 1  1  m2 w / w c 2
where w c 
2 LC 15
 continue
wc
If we restrict 0 < m < 1 and wop 
1  m2
Thus, both equation reduces to

Z '1  2w m / w c 
2 Z '1 1  w / w c 2
 1 

Z '2 1  w / w op 2  
4Z '2 1  w / w op 2 
Then
 2w m / w c 2   2w m / w 2  1  w / w 2 
e  1    c  c 

1  w / w op 2      
 1  w / w op 2  1  w / w op 2 

When w < wc, e is imaginary. Then the wave is propagated in the
network. When wc<w <wop, e is positive and the wave will be attenuated.
When w = wop, e becomes infinity which implies infinity attenuation.
When w>wop, then e become positif but decreasing.,which meant
decreasing in attenuation. 16
 Comparison between m-derived section
and constant-k section
attenuation Typical attenuation

15 m-derived
10 const-k
5 composite
0
0 w c wop 2 4

M-derived section attenuates rapidly but after w>wop , the attenuation

reduces back . By combining the m-derived section and the constant-k will
form so called composite filter.This is because the image impedances are
nonconstant. 17
 High -pass m-derived T-section
2C/m 2C/m
Z '1  m / jw C
L/m and

4m
C Z '2 
jw L


1  m2 
1 m 2 m j 4mw C
Propagation constant

e  1  Z '1 / 2Z '2  Z '1 / Z '2   Z '12 / 4Z '22 

m / jw C  2w c m / w 
2
Z '1
 
 
Z '2  jw L / m  1  m / j 4mw C 1  1  m2 w c / w 2
2
 
1  w c / w 
2
Z '1
1 
 
1
4Z '2 1  1  m2 w c / w 2 where w c 
2 LC 18
 continue
If we restrict 0 < m < 1 and w op  1 m 2 w c Thus wop< wc

Thus, both equation reduces to

Z '1  2w c m / w 
2 Z '1 1  w c / w 2
 1 

Z '2 1  w op / w 2  
4Z '2 1  w op / w 2 
Then
 2w c m / w 2   2w m / w 2  1  w / w 2 
e  1    c  c 

1  w op / w 2   
 1  w op / w 2  1  w op / w 2 
   
When w < wop , e is positive. Then the wave is gradually attenuated in
the networ as function of frequency. When w = wop, e becomes infinity
which implies infinity attenuation. When wc>w >wop, e is becoming
negative and the wave will be propagted. 19
 continue
a

wop wc w
M-derived section seem to be resonated at w=wop due to serial LC circuit.
By combining the m-derived section and the constant-k will form composite
filter which will act as proper highpass filter.
20
 m-derived filter -section
mZ1
Note that
2Z 2 2Z 2
m m Z '1  mZ1

2 1  m Z1
2
 
2 1  m Z12
 Z '2  
 
Z 2 1  m 2 Z12
4m 4m m 4m

The image impedance is

Z i  Z1 ' Z 2 ' / Z iT 

Z1Z 2  Z12 1  m 2 / 4 
Z o 1  w / w c 
2

21
 Low -pass m-derived -section
mL

mC mC For constant-k
2 2 section
Z1  jw L

2 1 m L 2
 
2 1 m L
2

4m 4m Z 2  1 / jw C

Then
Z1Z 2  L / C  Zo2 and Z12  w 2 L2  4Z o2 w / wc 2

Therefore, the image impedance reduces to

Z i 
 
1  1  m 2 w / w c 
2
Zo
1  w / w c 
2

The best result for m is 0.6which give a good constant Zi . This type of
m-derived section can be used at input and output of the filter to provide
constant impedance matching to or from Zo . 22
 Composite filter

Matching High-f Matching

Sharp
section cutoff section
cutoff
m=0.6 constant m- m=0.6
Zo
1
2
 k derived 1
 Zo
T m<0.6 2

ZiT ZiT ZiT

23
Matching between constant-k and m-derived
The image impedance ZiT does not match Zi, Z iT  Z i
I.e matching can be done by using half-  section as shown below and the
The
image impedance should be Zi1= ZiT and Zi2=Zi
Z'1 / 2
It can be shown that
Zi1=ZiT 2Z'2 Zi2=Zi
 Z '1 Z '1 
1  4Z ' 2 
 2 
 1 1 
Note that
 2Z '2 
Z '1  mZ1
ZiT  Z '1 Z '2 1  Z '1 / 4Z '2  Zi1
Zi  Z '1 Z '2 / 1  Z '1 / 4Z '2  Zi 2 Z '2  
 
Z 2 1  m 2 Z12
m 4m 24
 Example #1
Design a low-pass composite filter with cutoff frequency of 2GHz and
impedance of 75W . Place the infinite attenuation pole at 2.05GHz, and plot
the frequency response from 0 to 4GHz.
L/2 L/2
Solution
For high f- cutoff constant -k T - section
L C
L C or L  CZ o 2
Zo  Zo 2
C
2
Rearrange for wc and substituting, we have wc 
2
LC
 2  1
L    L  2Zo / wc  (2  75) /( 2  2 109 )  11.94nH
 wc  C
2
 2  1
C    C  2 / Zowc  2 /(75  2 109 )  2.122 pF
 wc  L 25
 continue mL/2 mL/2

mC
For m-derived T section sharp cutoff
1  m2
L
w op  1 m 2 w c 4m


m  1  w c / w op 
2

 1  2 10 / 2.05 10
9

9 2
 0.2195

mL 0.2195 11.94nH
  1.31nH
2 2

mC  0.2195  2.122 pF  0.4658 pF

1  m2 1  0.21952
L 11.94nH  12.94nH
4m 4  0.2195
26
 continue
mL/2 mL/2
For matching section
mC/2 mC/2
Zo Zo

1  m L
2
1  m  L
2

2m 2m
m=0.6

mL 0.6 11.94nH ZiT

  3.582nH
2 2
mC 0.6  2.122 pF
  0.6365 pF
2 2
1  m2 1  0.6 2
L 11.94nH  6.368nH
2m 2  0.6
27
 continue
A full circuit of the filter

Can be added Can be added Can be added

together together together

3.582nH 5.97nH 5.97nH 1.31nH 1.31nH 3.582nH

6.368nH 12.94nH 6.368nH

2.122pF
0.4658pF
0.6365pF 0.6365pF

28
 Simplified circuit

9.552nH 7.28nH 4.892nH

6.368nH 12.94nH 6.368nH
2.122pF
0.6365pF 0.4658pF 0.6365pF
 continue Pole due to
m=0.2195
section
Freq response of low-pass filter

0
0 1 2 3 4
-20
S11

-40

-60
Frequency (GHz)

Pole due to
m=0.6
section
30
 N-section LC ladder circuit
(low-pass filter prototypes)
Prototype beginning with serial element
go=Ro g2 g4

g1 g3 gn+1

Prototype beginning with shunt element

g2 g4

go=Go g1 g3 gn+1

31
Type of responses for n-section prototype filter
•Maximally flat or Butterworth
•Equal ripple or Chebyshev
•Elliptic function
•Linear phase

Maximally flat Equal ripple Elliptic Linear phase

32
 Maximally flat or Butterworth filter
For low -pass power ratio response
Prototype elements
1
 2n 
2 w  
Series R=Zo

H w   1  C   g0 = gn+1 = 1
  wc  
Shunt G=1/Zo
 
 2k  1 
where g k  2 sin 
C=1 for -3dB cutoff point  2n 
n= order of filter Zo gk
wc= cutoff frequency Lk  Series element
wc
No of order (or no of elements)

 
gk
log 10 10 1
A / 10 Ck  Shunt element
n Z ow c
2 log 10 w1 / w c  k= 1,2,3…….n

Where A is the attenuation at w1 point and w1>wc 33

 Example #2
Calculate the inductance and capacitance values for a maximally-flat low-
pass filter that has a 3dB bandwidth of 400MHz. The filter is to be
connected to 50 ohm source and load impedance.The filter must has a high
attenuation of 20 dB at 1 GHz.

Solution Prototype values

First , determine the number of elements g0 = g 3+1 = 1

n

log 10 10 A / 10  1 g1  2 sin 
 2  1 
 1
2 log 10 w1 / w c   23 
 2  2  1 



log 10 10 20 / 10  1> 2.51
g 2  2 sin 
 23   2

2 log 10 1000 / 400c   2  3  1 

g 3  2 sin   1
 23 
Thus choose an integer value , I.e n=3 34
 continue
Z o g1 50 1
L3  L1    19.9nH
wc 2    400 10 6

g2 2
C2    15.9 pF
Z ow c 50  2    400 10 6

50 ohm 19.9nH 19.9nH

15.9pF 50 ohm

35
 or
g1 1
C3  C1    7.95 pF
Z ow c 50  2    400 10 6

Zo g2 50  2
L2    39.8nH
wc 2    400 10 6

50 ohm 39.8nH

7.95pF 7.95pF 50 ohm

36
 Equi-ripple filter
For low -pass power ratio response
Chebyshev polinomial
1
 2 w 
H w   1  FoCn   

  wc   Co(x)  1
where
Cn(x)=Chebyshev polinomial for n order Cn( 1 )  1 i.e w  wc
and argument of x
n= order of filter C1(x)  x
wc= cutoff frequency
Fo=constant related to passband ripple
Cn(x)  2 x Cn-1(x)-Cn-2(x)
Fo  10 Lr / 10 1

Where Lr is the ripple attenuation in pass-band 37

 Continue
Prototype elements
where
a1
g1  1   Lr 
F2 F1  ln coth  
4   17.372 
ak 1ak
gk   2 F1 
bk 1bk c F2  sinh  
 n 
1 for n odd
g n1    k  1 
coth 2
F1  for n even ak  2 sin 
 2 n


k  1,2,....n

Zo gk 2 k 
Lk  Series element bk  F22  sin   k  1,2,....n
wc  2n 
gk
Ck  Shunt element
Z ow c 38
 Example #3
Design a 3 section Chebyshev low-pass filter that has a ripple of 0.05dB
and cutoff frequency of 1 GHz.

From the formula given we have

50  0.8794
F1=1.4626 F2= 1.1371 L1  L3   7 nH
2 10 9

a1=1.0 a2=2.0 1.1132

C2   3.543 pF
50  2 10 9
b1=2.043
50 ohm 7nH 7nH
g1 = g3 = 0.8794
3.543pF 50 ohm
g2= 1.1132

39
Transformation from low-pass to high-pass
w wc

 
wc w

•Series inductor Lk must be replaced by capacitor C’k

•Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by inductor L’k

1 Zo
Ck  Lk 
Z o g kw c g kw c

go=Ro g2 g4

g1 g3 gn+1

40
Transformation from low-pass to band-pass
w 1  w wo  w 2  w1 wo  w1 w2

    where W and
wc W  wo w  wo
Now we consider the series inductor

1  w wo  1 w 1 wo j
jX  j    
 Lk  j Lk  j Lk  jwL'sk 
W  wo w  W wo W w w C 'sk
Lk W normalized
Lsk  C sk  Lk  Z o g k
Ww o w o Lk

•Thus , series inductor Lk must be replaced by serial Lsk and Csk

Impedance= series
41
 continue
Now we consider the shunt capacitor

1  w wo  1 w 1 wo j
jBk  j   Ck  j Ck  j Ck  jwC ' pk 
W  wo w  W wo W w w L' pk
W Ck gk
L pk  C pk  Ck 
w o Ck Ww o Zo

•Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cpk

Admittance= parallel

42
Transformation from low-pass to band-stop
1
w 1  w wo  w 2  w1 wo  w1 w2

    where W and
wc W  wo w  wo
Now we consider the series inductor --convert to admittance
1 1  w wo  1 w 1 wo j
j  j     j j  jwC ' pk 
Xk WLk  wo w  W w o Lk W wLk w L' pk
WLk 1
L pk  C pk  Lk  Z o g k
wo w o W Lk

•Thus , series inductor Lk must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cskp

admittance = parallel
43
 Continue
Now we consider the shunt capacitor --> convert to impedance

1 1  w wo  1 w 1 wo j
j j     j j  jwL'sk 
Bk WCk  wo w  W w oCk W wCk w C 'sk

Lsk 
1 WC k Ck 
gk
C pk 
Ww oCk wo Zo

•Shunts capacitor Ck must be replaced by parallel Lpk and Cpk

44
 Example #4
Design a band-pass filter having a 0.5 dB ripple response, with N=3. The
center frequency is 1GHz, the bandwidth is 10%, and the impedance is 50W.

Solution
From table 8.4 Pozar pg 452.
go=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3= 1.5963, g4= 1.000

Let’s first and third elements are equivalent to series inductance and g1=g3, thus

Lk  Z o g k
Z o g1 50 1.5963
Ls1  Ls 3    127nH
Ww o 0.1 2 10 9

W 0.1
Cs1  Cs 3    0.199 pF
w o Z o g1 2 10  50 1.5963
9

45
 continue
Second element is equivalent to parallel capacitance, thus gk
Ck 
WZ o 0.1 50 Zo
Lp2    0.726nH
w o g 2 2 10 1.0967
9

g2 1.0967
C p2    34.91 pF
Z o Ww o 50  0.1 2 10 9

50W 127nH 0.199pF 127nH 0.199pF

0.726nH 34.91pF 50W

46
 Implementation in microstripline
Equivalent circuit
A short transmission line can be equated to T and  circuit of lumped circuit.
Thus from ABCD parameter( refer to Fooks and Zakareviius ‘Microwave
Engineering using microstrip circuits” pg 31-34), we have
jwL=jZosin(bd)

Model for series inductor jwC/2=jYotan(bd)/2 jwC/2=jYotan(bd/2)

with fringing capacitors

jwL/2=jZotan(bd/2) jwL/2=jZotan(bd/2)

Model for shunt capacitor

with fringing inductors jwC=jYosin(bd)

47
 L d d

Zo Zo C Zo ZoC Zo
ZoL

-model with C as fringing T-model with L as fringing

capacitance inductance

d 1  w L  d
d sin   d sin 1 w CZ oC 
2  Z oL  2

1  d  Z oC  d 
C fL  tan   L fC  tan  
Z oLw  d  w  d 
ZoC should be low
ZoL should be high impedance
impedance
48
 Example #5
From example #3, we have the solution for low-pass Chebyshev of ripple
0.5dB at 1GHz, Design a filter using in microstrip on FR4 (er=4.5 h=1.5mm)

L1  L3  7 nH C2  3.543 pF

Let’s choose ZoL=100W and ZoC =20 W.

c 3 108 Note: For more accurate

d   9  14.14cm
f e r 10 4.5 calculate for difference Zo

d 1  w L  0.1414 1  2 109  7 10 9 

d1,3  sin    sin    10.25mm

2  Z oL  2  100 

1  d  1    0.01025 
C fL  tan    tan    0.369 pF
Z oLw  d  100  2 10
9
  0.1414 

49
 continue C2  3.543 pF

d2 
d
2
sin 1 w CZ oC  
0.1414 1
2
 
sin 2 109  3.543 10 12  20  10.38mm

Z oC  d  20    .01038 
L fC  tan    tan    0.75nH
w  d  2 10
9
  0.1414 
The new values for L1=L3= 7nH-0.75nH= 6.25nH and C2=3.543pF-0.369pF=3.174pF

Thus the corrected value for d1,d2 and d3 are

0.1414 1  2 109  6.25 10 9 

d1,3  sin    9.08mm

2  100 

d2 
0.1414 1
2
 
sin 2 109  3.17 10 12  20  9.22mm

More may be needed to obtain sufficiently stable solutions 50

Now we calculate the microstrip width using this formula
(approximation) 377
Zo 
w 
er   1.57 
h 
 377   377 
w100   
 1.57 h    1.57 1.5mm  0.31mm
Z 
 oL e r   100 4.5 
 377   377 
w20    1.57 h    1.57 1.5mm  10.97mm
Z 
 oL e r   20 4.5 
 377   377 
w50    1.57 h    1.57 1.5mm  2.97mm
Z 
 oL e r   50 4.5 
9.22mm 10.97mm
0.31mm
0.31mm
2.97mm 2.97mm

9.08mm 9.08mm 51
 Implementation using stub
Richard’s transformation

jX L  j L  jL tan b  jBc  j C  jC tan b 

At cutoff unity frequency,we have =1. Then


tan b   1 
8
/8

jXL L jXL S.C

The length of the stub will be
the same with length equal to Zo=L
/8. The Zo will be difference
with short circuit for L and
/8
open circuit for C.These lines
are called commensurate lines. jBc C jBc O.C
Zo=1/C
52
 Kuroda identity
It is difficult to implement a series stub in microstripline.
Using Kuroda identity, we would be able to transform S.C
series stub to O.C shunt stub

O.C shunt S.C series

stub stub

d d Z1/n2 d
d
Z1 Z2/n2

Z2

n2=1+Z2/Z1 d=/8
53
 Example #6
Design a low-pass filter for fabrication using micro strip lines .The
specification: cutoff frequency of 4GHz , third order, impedance 50 W, and a
3 dB equal-ripple characteristic.

Protype Chebyshev low-pass filter element values are

g1=g3= 3.3487 = L1= L3 , g2 = 0.7117 = C2 , g4=1=RL

ZoL=3.3487 ZoL=3.3487
1 3.3487 3.3487
8 8
1
0.7117 1
8 8
1
Zo Zo
Using Richard’s transform we have
Zoc=1.405
8
ZoL= L=3.3487 and Zoc=1/ C=1/0.7117=1.405
54
Using Kuroda identity to convert S.C series stub to O.C shunt stub.
We have Z2 1
Z1 / n2  ZoL  3.3487 and Z 2 / n  Zo  1
2 
Z1 3.3487
Z2 1
thus n2  1   1  1.299
Z1 3.3487
Substitute again, we have

Z1  n ZoL  1.299  3.3487  4.35

2 and Z 2  Zo n2  11.299  1.299

O.C shunt S.C series

stub stub

d d Z1/n2=ZoL d

Z1 Z2/n2=Zo

Z2

n2=1+Z2/Z1
55
 Z1=1.299x50 Zoc=1.405x50 Z1=1.299x50
=64.9W =70.3W =64.9W

Zo=50W
/8 /8
Z2=4.35x50 ZL=50W
/8 Z2=4.35x50
=217.5W /8 =217.5W /8

50W 50W
217.5W 217.5W

/8 /8

/8 64.9W 70.3W 64.9W

56
 Band-pass filter from /2 parallel coupled lines
Output
/2 resonator Microstrip
/2 resonator layout
Input
/4 /4 /4
Equivalent
J' 01 J' 12 J' 23
+/2 +/2 +/2 admittance
rad rad rad inverter

Equivalent
LC resonator

57
Required admittance inverter parameters
The normalized admittance inverter is given by
1
 W 2
J '01    where W  w 2  w1 A
 0 1
2 g g wo
W 1
J 'k ,k 1   for k  1,2,...n  1 B
2 g k g k 1
1
 W 2 C
J 'n,n1    n  no. of sec tions
 n n1 
2 g g


Z oe , k ,k 1  Z o 1  J 'k ,k 1  J 'k ,k 12  D
where J 'k ,k 1  J k ,k 1Z o

Z oo,k ,k 1  Z o 1  J k ,k 1 ' J 'k ,k 12  E
58
 Example #7
Design a coupled line bandpass filter with n=3 and a 0.5dB equi-ripple
response on substrate er=10 and h=1mm. The center frequency is 2 GHz, the
bandwidth is 10% and Zo=50W.
We have g0=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3=1.5963, g4= 1 and W=0.1
1 1
 W 2    0.1 2
A J '01        0.3137
 2 g 0 g1   2 11.5963 
1 1
 W 2    0.1  2
C J '3, 4       0.3137
 2 g3 g 4   2 1.5963 1

D  
Z oe ,0,1  Z oe ,3, 4  50 1  0.3137  0.3137 2  70.61W

E  
Z oo,0,1  Z oo,3, 4  50 1  0.3137  0.3137 2  39.24W
59
 W 1   0.1 1
B J '1, 2      0.1187
2 g1 g 2 2 1.5963 1.0967

W 1   0.1 1
B J '2, 3      0.1187
2 g 2 g3 2 1.0967 1.5963

D  
Z oe ,1, 2  Z oe ,2,3  50 1  0.1187  0.1187 2  56.64W

E
 
Z oo,1, 2  Z oo,2,3  50 1  0.1187  0.1187 2  44.77W

3 108 3 108
The required resonator r / 4    0.01767m
2 f e r 4  2 10 10
9

Using the graph Fig 7.30 in Pozar pg388 we would be able to determine the
required s/h and w/h of microstripline with er=10. For others use other means. 60
Thus we have

For sections 1 and 4 s/h=0.45 --> s=0.45mm and w/h=0.7--> w=0.7mm

For sections 2 and 3 s/h=1.3 --> s=1.3mm and w/h=0.95--> w=0.95mm

0.45mm
0.95mm
50W
0.95mm

0.7mm 0.7mm
1.3mm

50W 1.3mm
0.45mm

17.67mm 17.67mm 17.67mm 17.67mm

61
 Band-pass and band-stop filter using quarter-wave stubs
/4
/4

Band-pass
Zo Zo
.... Zo Zo Zo
Z on 
 Zo W
4gn

Z01 Z02 Zon-1 Zon

/4 /4 /4 /4

/4
/4

Band-stop
Zo Zo
.... Zo Zo Zo

4 Zo
Z on 
Zon-1 Zon  Wg n
Z01 Z02
/4 /4 /4 /4
62
 Example #8
Design a band-stop filter using three quarter-wave open-circuit stubs . The
center frequency is 2GHz , the bandwidth is 15%, and the impedance is 50W.
Use an equi-ripple response, with a 0.5dB ripple level.

We have g0=1 , g1=1.5963, g2=1.0967, g3=1.5963, g4= 1 and W=0.1

4  50
Z o1  Z 03   265.9W 4 Zo
  0.15 1.5963 note : Z on 
 Wg n
4  50
Zo2   387W
  0.15 1.0967

50 W Note that: It is difficult to

impliment on microstripline
/4 /4
265.9W
265.9W

or stripline for characteristic

387W
/4

/4

/4

> 150W.

63
 Capacitive coupled resonator band-pass filter
1 2 n
Zo Zo Zo .... Zo Zo

B1 B2 Bn+1
1
 W 2 w 2  w1
J '01    where W 
 0 1
2 g g wo
W 1
J 'k ,k 1   for k  1,2,...n  1
2 g k g k 1
1
 W 2
J 'n,n1    n  no. of sec tions
 n n1 
2 g g
Ji
Bi  i=1,2,3….n
1  Z o J i 2

2

1 1
2
 
 i    tan 2Z o Bi   tan 1 2Z o Bi 1 
1
 64
 Example #9
Design a band-pass filter using capacitive coupled resonators , with a
0.5dB equal-ripple pass-band characteristic . The center frequency is 2GHz,
the bandwidth is 10%, and the impedance 50W. At least 20dB attenuation is
required at 2.2GHz.

First , determine the order of filter, thus calculate

1  w w o  1  2.2 2  prototype w
        1.91  1  1.91  1  0.91
W  w o w  0.1  2 2.2  wc
From Pozar ,Fig 8.27 pg 453 , we have N=3

n gn ZoJn Bn Cn n
1 1.5963 0.3137 6.96x10-3 0.554pF 155.8o
2 1.0967 0.1187 2.41x10-3 0.192pF 166.5o
3 1.0967 0.1187 2.41x10-3 0.192pF 155.8o
4 1.0000 0.3137 6.96x10-3 0.554pF -
65
 Other shapes of microstripline filter
Rectangular resonator filter
/2 Interdigital filter
in
out

U type filter /4

Out
In Out

/4

In 66
 Wiggly coupled line
The design is similar to conventional edge coupled line but the layout is
modified to reduce space.
1

Modified Wiggly coupled line to improve 2nd and 3rd harmonic rejection. /8
stubs are added.
1

1= /2
2
2= /4
67