Strengthening Mechanisms for

Metals and Alloys

Strengthening Mechanisms for Metals and Alloys

• Dislocation movement produces plastic

deformation.
• Strengthening mechanisms are associated with the
creation of barriers to block the dislocation
movement:
– Strengthening by grain size reduction
– Solid-solution strengthening
– Strain hardening (work hardening)
– Precipitation hardening
– Tranformasi martensitik
 Grain Size Reduction
• Grain boundaries are barriers to dislocation movement
• Smaller grain size, more barrier, higher strength

slip plane B
a in
gr
grain A
gr

brass
ina
bo
und

Hall-Petch Equation:
ar

 yield  o  k y d 1/ 2
y
 Solid Solution Strengthening
• Impurity atoms produce a barrier to dislocation
movement

Impurity atoms
• Carbon atoms in steels
• Ni atoms in Cu

Strength of Cu alloy vs. Ni concentration

 Penguatan
larutan padat
 Strain (Work) Hardening
• Yield strength (ys) and tensile strength increases
after cold working
• Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases after cold working

Effect of Cold Working

on - Curve
 Microstructures that may develop
during cooling of an Al-4%Cu alloy
Over-heating
with liquid
formation

Heating to
single-phase
region

Fast cooling
plus aging Slow cooling

Formation of two-phase (+CuAl2)

structure upon cooling
 Precipitation Hardening

Solution Treatment

Quench

Aging

Schematic temperature-versus-time plot showing both solution and

precipitation heat treatments for precipitation hardening.
Martensit strengthening
( quench hardening )
T T

quench normal anil

t
Dari diagram perlakuan panas diatas terlihat perbedaan kecepatan
pendinginan antara yang diquench, dianormal dan dianil.
Perbedaan tersebut akan berakibat berbedanya struktur mikro dan sifat
mekanik.
Untuk memprediksi struktur mikro yang terbentuk akibat perbedaan
kecepatan pendinginan digunakan diagram lain, yaitu Diagram TTT/IT
(Time-Temperature-Transformation/Isothermal Transformation) dan CCT
(Continous-Cooling-Transformation)
10
160

140 The complete

120
TTT diagram for
an iron-carbon
100 alloy of eutectoid
composition.
80
A: austenite
60 B: bainite
M: martensite
40
P: pearlite
20

0
1 10 100 11
TTT Diagram for a Eutectoid Fe-C Alloy

12
Perhatikan empat garis pendinginan yang berbeda, terlihat
bahwa struktur mikronyapun berbeda.
13
Coarse Pearlite Fine Pearlite

14
Bainite, 15000X. Martensite,
1220X.

15