Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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History
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Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of portland cement
or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate, and water, with or without
admixtures.
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Concrete popular / Universal
construction / building material
i. Concrete is the second most consumed substance in
the world after water.
ii. All over the world, approximately for 80% of the
construction concrete is required,.
iii. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and
bonds the aggregates together.
iv. Concrete is often looked upon as “man made rock”.
v. Concrete has strength, durability, and economy.
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Vi It can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
Vii Concrete gives us reasonably good compressive strength,
Viii Concrete possesses excellent water resistant,,
ix It is durable. Its life span is more than the life span of man.
Usually the life span of concrete is 100 years or more,
X Relatively inexpensive, it is reasonably priced because in
concrete, we use local material such as sand, stone and
labor. Hence cost of construction is reduced,
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Xi Concrete has good bond with steel, makes it best
reinforcement. Coefficient of linear expansion of steel and
concrete is almost equal.
Xii Worldwide each year, the making of concrete consumes 1.6
billion tons of portland cement, 10 billions tons of sand and
rock, and 1 billion tons of water thus making the
construction the largest user of natural resources in the
world.
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Weakness of Concrete
i. Normal concrete has comparatively low tensile strength
and for structural applications it is normal practice to
incorporate steel bars to resist tensile forces. Tensile
strength of concrete is approximately 10% of its
compressive strength and is not reliable because of
shrinkage cracks.
ii. Volume changes
iii. Low ductility (brittle)
iv. Low strength to weight ratio
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Concrete Ingredients
The ingredients of concrete are:
1. Cement,
2. Water,
3. Aggregates,
4. Admixtures.
The type, quality, and proportioning of these ingredients affect
the curing rate, compressive strength and durability of the
concrete. Chemical admixtures can be used to enhance
one or more properties of the concrete or to improve its
handling and placing characteristics.
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1. Cement
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Cement (Cont’d)
Weight of one bag of
cement: 50Kg
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Cement (Cont’d)
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Cement (Cont’d)
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Cement (Cont’d)
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Cement (Cont’d)
Setting Time:
Cement paste setting time is affected by a
number of items including: cement fineness,
water-cement ratio, chemical content (especially
gypsum content) and admixtures.
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Cement (Cont’d)
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Cement (Cont’d)
Initial ≥ 45 minutes
Vicat
Final ≤ 375 minutes
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Cement (Cont’d)
Storage
Cement should be stored off the ground in a well-aired,
clean, dry place.
Cement should not be place directly on floors but on
wooden plate form.
Wrapping the cement bags in plastic sheets gives extra
protection,
Cement bags should not be be piled to a height
exceeding 2m.
Bulk cement will normally be stored in silos.
Strength of cement decreased on long time storage.
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2. Water
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Water (Cont’d)
Water
I. Good water is essential for quality concrete.
II. It should be good enough to drink--free of silt, salt or any
organic matter.
III.The strength and other properties of concrete are highly
dependent on the amount of water and the water-cement
ratio.
IV.Water is needed for two purposes:
chemical reaction with cement
workability
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Water (Cont’d)
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3. Aggregates
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Aggregates
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
I. “Fine aggregate” is
defined as material that
will pass a No. 4 ASTM
sieve (4.75mm) and be
retained on a No. 200
sieve (0.075mm).
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Fine Aggregates (SAND)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
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Aggregates (Cont’d)
Storage
Aggregates should be stored where they will
stay clean, separated from other materials
and dry. If the aggregates are very wet
use less water in the mix.
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ADMIXTURES
Admixtures
• admixture is a material other than hydraulic
cement, aggregate, or water, used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete
before or during its mixing to modify its
properties
• Admixtures are used to obtain following
objectives
i) to accelerate or retard setting and hardening
ii) to improve workability
iii) to decrease permeability
iv) to increase strength
v) to improve durability.
& to impart other desired properties
Types of admixtures
1) Chemical admixtures
a) Air entraining agents
b) accelerating admixtures
c) set retarding admixtures
d) plastisizers
e) superplastisizers
2 : Mineral admixtures
i) fly ash
ii) silica flume
Chemical admixtures
Air entraing admixtures
• Most commonly used admixture at the
present time
• They caused the entrainment of air in the
form of dispersed bubbles in the concrete.
• Improve workability and durability
• Reduce segregation during placing
• Decrease concrete density because of the
increased void ratio and thereby strength
decrease.however this decrease can be
partially offset by a reduction of mixing
water
Accelerating admixtures
• Used to reduce setting time and
accelerate early strength development
• Calcium chloride is the most widely used
accelerator because of its cost-
effectiveness
• should be used with caution in reinforced
concrete in a moist environment ,because
of its tendency to promote corrosion of
steel.
Set –retarding admixtures