Course Teacher

Name: Dr. Muhammad Rabiul Islam

Rank: Major
Position: Instructor Class B
Mobile: 01769024092
Email: mrabi77@yahoo.com

1
 What is the Course

MECHANICS OF STRUCTURE ME 227

 Mechanics of structures is the computation of
deformations, deflections, and internal forces or stresses
within structures, either for design or for performance
evaluation of existing structures.

Deflection Deformation
2
 Which Books will be followed??

Mainly we will follow:

Mechanics of Materials – James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno
The book may not be available currently in MIST library
Please collect the soft copy from class computer

Some will be taken from: (Some Examples)

Strength of Materials – Andrew Pytel, Ferdinand L. Singer
Probably available currently in MIST library

3
Fundamental of Stress Analysis
 Stress,   P
A
Unit is force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek letter sigma.

 Tensile Stress: When the bar is stretched by the

forces;
 Compressive Stress: If the forces are reversed in
direction, causing the bar to be Compressed;
 Normal Stress: Stresses act in a direction
perpendicular to the surface;
Normal stresses may be either tensile or compressive.
 Shear Stress: Stress acts parallel to the surface;
 Sign Convention: Tensile positive (+),
Compressive negative (-) 4
 Units of Stress and Some Basic Definitions

 Units
USCS: psi (pounds per square inch), ksi (kilopounds per square inch)
SI: N/m2 (Newton per meter square - Pascal)
1 MPa = ?? N/m2 ; 1 Mpa = ?? N/mm2 ;

 Prismatic Bar: Straight structural member having the same cross

section throughout its length;
 Axial Force: Load directed along the axis of the member;
 Free-body Diagram: Self weight of the structure is not considered and
can exist freely;
 Cross section: Section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
Structure;
5
 Examples

 Consider d = 50 mm, P = 27 kN then  = ??13.8 MPa

 Consider the cross section as square where one
side = 50 mm then  = ?? 10.8 MPa
P
The equation   is valid only if the stress is
A
uniformly distributed over the cross section A i.e., if
force P acts through the centroid of the cross-
sectional area.

If the stress is not uniformly distributed, the stated

Equation is useful to calculate the average normal
stress on the cross section.
6
 Strain, 

 Strain,    (elongation per unit length)

L
Where, : total elongation = (final – initial) length
L = initial length , Strain has no dimension

 If the bar is in tension, the strain is called a

tensile strain, representing an elongation or
stretching of the material.
 If the bar is in compression, the strain is a
compressive strain and the bar shortens.
 Tensile strain is usually taken as positive and
compressive strain as negative.
 A normal strain is associated with normal
stresses.
7
 Uniaxial Stress and Strain

 If the deformation is uniform throughout the volume, which requires

the bar be prismatic, the loads act through the centroids of the cross
sections, and the material be homogeneous (that is, the same throughout
all parts of the bar). The resulting state of stress and strain is called
uniaxial stress and strain.

Questions or
Doubts????

8
 Location of Centroids of Plane Areas
Total Moment Considering Elemental Area:
First Moment of area with respect to x axis  Q   ydA
x

First Moment of area with respect to y axis  Q   xdA

y

Total Moment Considering Total Area:

First Moment of area with respect to x axis  Q  y A  y  dA
x

First Moment of area with respect to y axis  Q  x A  x  dA

y

Finally:

Right Hand Rule

Imagine that you grasp an axis of coordinates with your right hand so that
your fingers fold around the axis and your thumb points in the positive
direction of the axis. Then a moment is positive if it acts about the axis in
the same direction as your fingers.
Let ’s Practice on Blackboard 9
 Line of Action of the Axial Forces for a Uniform Stress Distribution

 p1: the point in the cross section where the line

of action of the forces intersects the cross section;
 xy axes in the plane of the cross section;
Moments of the force P : M  P y , M   P x (right hand rule)
x y

Differential Force dA

Moments of the elemental force ydA and - xdA

Considering total moments M  P y   ydA

x

M   P x    xdA
y

P
Since  a constant and equal to
A
y x
ydA xdA
; ;
A A

In order to have uniform tension or compression in a prismatic bar, the axial

force must act through the centroid of the cross-sectional area.
10
 Examples

Questions or
Doubts????

11
 Mechanical Properties of Material

 From origin O to point A: The

relationship between stress and strain in
this initial region is not only linear but
also proportional;
 Stress at A is called the proportional
limit;

 For low-carbon steels, this limit is in the range 210 to 350 MPa, high-strength
steels (with higher carbon content plus other alloys) can have proportional limits
of more than 550 Mpa;
 The slope of the straight line from O to A is called the modulus of elasticity;
 With an increase in stress beyond the proportional limit, the strain begins to
increase more rapidly for each increment in stress;
 At point B, the curve becomes horizontal;
12
 Mechanical Properties of Material
 Considerable elongation occurs with no
noticeable increase in the tensile force
(from B to C). This phenomenon is known
as yielding of the material, and point B is
called the yield point. The corresponding
stress is known as the yield stress of the
steel.
 In the region from B to C the material becomes perfectly plastic, which means
that it deforms without an increase in the applied load.

 The elongation of a mild-steel specimen in the perfectly plastic region is

typically 10 to 15 times the elongation that occurs in the linear region;
 After undergoing the large strains that occur during yielding in the region BC,
the steel begins to strain harden. During strain hardening, the material undergoes
changes in its crystalline structure, resulting in increased resistance of the
material to further deformation. 13
 Mechanical Properties of Material
 The load eventually reaches its
maximum value, and the corresponding
stress (at point D) is called the ultimate
stress.
 Further stretching of the bar is actually
accompanied by a reduction in the load,
and fracture finally occurs at a point such
as E in Fig.

 The yield stress and ultimate stress of a material are also called the yield
strength and ultimate strength, respectively.
 When a test specimen is stretched, lateral contraction occurs. The resulting
decrease in cross-sectional area is too small to have a noticeable effect on the
calculated values of the stresses up to about point C. But beyond that point the
reduction in area begins to alter the shape of the curve. In the vicinity of the
ultimate stress, the reduction in area of the bar becomes clearly visible and a
pronounced necking of the bar occurs; 14
Mechanical Properties of Material

 If the actual cross-sectional area at the narrow part of the neck is

used to calculate the stress, the true stress-strain curve (the dashed
line CE in Fig) is obtained. The total load the bar can carry does
indeed diminish after the ultimate stress is reached (as shown by
curve DE), but this reduction is due to the decrease in area of the
bar and not to a loss in strength of the material itself. In reality, the
material withstands an increase in true stress up to failure (point E);

 Because most structures are expected to function at stresses

below the proportional limit, the conventional stress-strain curve
OABCDE, which is based upon the original cross-sectional area of
the specimen and is easy to determine, provides satisfactory
information for use in engineering design;
15
 Mechanical Properties of Material: Ductility
 Metals such as structural steel that undergo large permanent strains before failure
are classified as ductile;
 A desirable feature of ductile materials is that visible distortions occur if the loads
become too large, thus providing an opportunity to take remedial action before an
actual fracture occurs.
 Structural steel is an alloy of iron containing about 0.2% carbon, and therefore it is
classified as a low-carbon steel.
With increasing carbon content, steel becomes less
ductile but stronger (higher yield stress and higher
ultimate stress). The physical properties of steel are also
affected by heat treatment, the presence of other
metals, and manufacturing processes such as rolling.
Other materials that behave in a ductile manner (under
certain conditions) include aluminum, copper,
magnesium, lead, molybdenum, nickel, brass, bronze,
monel metal, nylon, and teflon. 16
 Mechanical Properties of Material: Brittleness
 Materials that fail in tension at relatively low values of strain are classified as
brittle. Examples are concrete, stone, cast iron, glass, ceramics, and a variety of
metallic alloys. Brittle materials fail with only little elongation after the proportional
limit is exceeded. Furthermore, the reduction in area is insignificant, and so the
nominal fracture stress is the same as the true ultimate stress. High-carbon steels
have very high yield stresses—over 700 MPa in some cases—but they behave in a
brittle manner and fracture occurs at an elongation of only a few percent. Ordinary
glass is a nearly ideal brittle material, because it exhibits almost no ductility. The
stress-strain curve for glass in tension is essentially a straight line, with failure
occurring before any yielding takes place.

Questions or
Doubts????

17
 Elasticity, Plasticity, Creep
 Elasticity: The property of a material, by which it returns to its original
dimensions during unloading; the material itself is elastic;
During unloading if the structure returns partially to its original
shape the material is partially elastic.
 The elastic limit is usually the same as, or slightly above, the proportional
limit. Hence, for many materials the two limits are assigned the same
numerical value. In the case of mild steel, the yield stress is also very close to
the proportional limit, so that for practical purposes the yield stress, the
elastic limit, and the proportional limit are assumed to be equal.
 Plasticity: The characteristic of a material by which it undergoes inelastic
strains beyond the strain at the elastic limit is known as plasticity; ; the
material itself is plastic;
 Creep: When loaded for long periods of time, some materials develop
additional strains and are said to creep.
18
Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law express the linear relationship between
stress and strain in simple tension or compression:
  E
E is a constant of proportionality known as the modulus of elasticity for the
material. The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in
the linearly elastic region. The units of E are the same as the units of stress.
More flexible materials have a lower modulus—plastics - from 0.7 to 14 Gpa
More stiff materials have a higher modulus—steel - 210 Gpa (approx.)
M o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y i s o f t e n c a l l e d Yo u n g ’ s m o d u l u s

Poisson’s Ratio

 Why “-” sign??

 Applicable only in uniaxial loading;
 Applicable for linearly elastic material;
19
 Bearing Stress

Flat bar

Clevis

 Bearing Stress: Acts bearing contact;

Fb
Average Bearing Stress  b 
Ab
Bearing area is the projected area of the curved bearing
surface.
20
 Shear Stress Acts tangential to the surface of the material;

Shear forces V act over the cut surfaces of the bolt. Here there are two planes
of shear (mn and pq), and so the bolt is in double shear. In double shear, each
of the shear forces is equal to one-half of the total;
 Shear Stress highest near the center and become zero on the edges

V 1. Shear stresses on opposite (and parallel)

Average Shear Stress   faces of an element are equal in magnitude and
A opposite in direction.
2. Shear stresses on adjacent (and perpendicular)
faces of an element are equal in magnitude and
have directions such that both stresses point
toward, or both point away from, the line of
intersection of the faces.

Equilibrium Condition requires  1   2

21
Shear Strain and the Sign Convention
Shear stresses have no tendency to elongate
or shorten the element in the x, y, and z
directions—Instead, the shear stresses
deform the element.

In picture, The angle  is a measure of the

distortion, or change in shape, of the
element and is called the shear strain.
Because shear strain is an angle, it is usually
measured in degrees or radians.

Positive and Negative Faces

A positive face has its outward normal
directed in the positive direction of a
coordinate axis. The opposite faces are
negative faces.
22
 Sign Convention for Shear Stress
“A shear stress acting on a positive face of an element is positive if it
acts in the positive direction of one of the coordinate axes and negative
if it acts in the negative direction of an axis. A shear stress acting on a
negative face of an element is positive if it acts in the negative direction
of an axis and negative if it acts in a positive direction.”
All shear stresses shown in Fig. are positive.

Sign Convention for Shear Strain

“Shear Strain in an element is positive when the angle between two
positive faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain is negative
when the angle between two positive (or two negative) faces is
increased.”
The strains shown in Fig. are positive, and positive shear stresses are
accompanied by positive shear strains
23
 Shear Stress Strain Diagram
 The properties of a material in shear can be determined
experimentally from direct-shear tests;

 Shear stress-strain diagrams is similar in shape to tension-test

diagrams for the same materials,

 Only differ in magnitudes, usually about half as large as those in

tension. For instance, the yield stress for structural steel in shear is 0.5
to 0.6 times the yield stress in tension.
 For many materials, the initial part of the shear stress-strain diagram
is a straight line through the origin, just as it is in tension.

 For the linearly elastic region, the shear stress and shear strain are
proportional, thus Hooke’s law in shear:  = G
G is the shear modulus of elasticity (also called the modulus of
rigidity).
24
 Sign Convention for Shear Strain
“Shear Strain in an element is positive when the angle between two
positive faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain is negative
when the angle between two positive (or two negative) faces is
increased.”
Strain Faces Sign
Reduced Positive - Positive Positive
Reduced Negative - Negative Positive
Reduced Positive – Negative Negative
Increased Positive – Positive Negative
Increased Negative - Negative Negative
Increased Positive-Negative Positive

The strains shown in Fig. are positive, and positive shear stresses are
accompanied by positive shear strains
25
 Basic Design Considerations
 The actual strength of a structure must exceed the required
strength.

Considerations in Determining Factor of Safety

• Probability of accidental overloading of the structure by loads
that exceed the design loads;
• Types of loads (static or dynamic);
• How accurately the loads are known;
• Inaccuracies in construction;
• Whether failure is gradual (ample warning) or sudden (no
warning);
• consequences of failure (minor damage or major catastrophe);
• Other such considerations. 26
 Allowable Stress and Allowable Load
• To remain material within the linearly elastic range in order to avoid
permanent deformations when the loads are removed:

• For brittle materials, such as concrete and some plastics, and for
materials without a clearly defined yield stress, such as wood and
high-strength steels: Ultimate Strength
Allowable Stress 
Factor of Safety

Allowable Load/Permissible Load/Safe Load =

(Allowable Stress)(Area)

27
Example 1-8 of Text Book (James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno)

GIVEN Mc=0 MB=0

FH=0 FV=0

 Determine the required cross-sectional area of bar AB and the

required diameter of the pin at support C if the allowable stresses in
tension and shear are 125 MPa and 45 MPa, respectively. (Note: The
pins at the supports are in double shear. Also, disregard the weights of
members AB and BC.)
Allowable stresses are given, to calculate minimum structure size we
need to know the load

28
 Assignment-01
Odd Roll No. Even Roll No.
Ref. Book Text Book Ref. Book Text Book
(Strength of (Mechanics of (Strength of (Mechanics of
Materials) Materials) Materials) Materials)
104, 107, 109, 1.2-1, 1.2-3, 105, 108, 111, 1.2-2, 1.2-4,
113, 126, 211, 1.5-8, 1.6-2, 123, 209, 213, 1.6-1, 1.6-5,
221 1.6-6, 1.7-7, 1.7-6, 1.7-9,
1.7-11, 1.8-2, 1.8-1, 1.8-4,
1.8-5, 1.8-13, 1.8-11, 1.8-14
Total: 07 Nos. Total: 10 Nos. Total: 06 Nos. Total: 10 Nos.
Last Date of Submission: 10/08/2014, Do Not Do Without Understanding
If necessary take help from others, but understanding is first

SL NO. 1 OF COURSE OUTLINE HAS BEEN ACHIEVED

ANY QUESTIONS OR DOUBTS????
29
 Axially Loaded Members
 Structural components subjected only to tension or compression are
known as axially loaded members:
o Solid bars with straight longitudinal axes;
o Cables and Coil springs;
o Truss members, Connecting rods in engines;
o Spokes in bicycle wheels, Columns in buildings.

Springs
K (Stiffness Constant): The force required to
produce a unit elongation;
f (flexibility constant): Elongation produced by a
load of unit value.
Equations are also applicable to springs in
compression. 30
 Prismatic Bars
Uniform Normal Stress,  = P/A
Axial Strain,  = /L
Longitudinal Stress,  = E
PL
Equations Combinations   
EA
Product EA  Axial Rigidity of the bar.

EA
Stiffness of a Prismatic Bar  k 
L
L
Flexibility of a Prismatic Bar  f 
EA
31
 Bars with Intermediate Axial Loads
1. Identify the segments of the bar;
2. Determine the internal axial forces N1,
N2, and N3

3. Determine the changes in the lengths

of the segments

Bars Consisting of Prismatic

Segments 32
Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or Dimensions

The elongation d of the

differential element can be
obtained from the equation =
PL/EA by substituting N(x) for P, dx
for L, and A(x) for A, as:

33
 Example 2-4 of Text Book

 The bar has a constant axial force (equal to the load P);
 Cross-sectional area varies continuously from one end to the other;
 Need an expression for the cross-sectional area A(x);
34
 Example 2-4 of Text Book

Finally we will get,

By substituting dA = dB = d,

A general formula such as above Eq. should be checked whenever

possible by verifying that it reduces to known results for special cases.
If the reduction does not produce a correct result, the original formula is
in error. If a correct result is obtained, the original formula may still be
incorrect but our confidence in it increases. In other words, this type of
check is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the correctness of
the original formula. 35
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Statically Determinate Structure: Reactions and Internal Forces can
be determined solely from free-body diagrams and equations of
equilibrium.
Statically Indeterminate Structure: Which is not Statically
Determinate Structure.

• Statically Determinate; • Statically Indeterminate;

• One Unknown (Reaction R);
• One Equation of Equilibrium
• R = P1 + P2
• Two Unknown (RA & RB);
• One Equation of Equilibrium;
• Fvert = 0;
• Equation of Compatibility is
need to be involved: AB = 0.
36
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
PL
Force Displacement Relation   
EA

Using Equation of Equilibrium (RA+ RB=P):

Downward displacement of point C:

37
 THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
Elementary force
acting normal to an
element located at
an angle  from
horizontal diameter:
dF = pdA = pL(D/2)d

Horizontal components of pairs of vertical forces cancel out, So the

total force:
 D 
F    pL d  sin   pL  cos 

D 

 
0
0 2 2
F  pDL
F pDL pD
  
t
  tangential stress
A 2tL 2t
pD
Longitudinal Stress :  
l 38
4t
WISH ALL OF U A VERY HAPPY EID

39
Example 2-5 of Text Book (James M. Gere)

40
 R E V I E W
1. Normal Stress 10. Necking

2. Tensile Stress 11. Ultimate Strength

3. Compressive Stress 12. Ductile Material

4. Bearing Stress 13. Brittle Material

5. Shear Stress 14. True Stress/True Strain

6. Transverse Stress 15. Poisson’s Ratio

7. Longitudinal Stress 16. Factor of Safety

8. Strain 17. Stiffness Constant k

9. Strain Hardening 18. Flexibility Constant f 41

S T R E S S E L E M E N T S
 The most useful way
of representing the
stresses is to isolate a
small element of
material;
 An element of this
kind is called a stress
element.
 The dimensions of a
stress element are
assumed to be
infinitesimally small, but
for clarity we draw the
element to a large
scale; 42
Stresses on Inclined Sections
The resultant of the stresses
is a force P acting in the x
direction and may be
resolved into a normal force
N that is perpendicular to the
inclined plane and a shear
force V that is tangential to
it.

43
Maximum Normal and Shear Stresses
= 00
 = 450

44
 F A I L U R E
 Even though the maximum shear stress in an
axially loaded bar is only one-half the maximum
normal stress, the shear stress may cause failure if
the material is much weaker in shear than in tension.
A similar type of behavior occurs in mild steel loaded
in tension;
 During a tensile test of a flat bar of low-carbon
steel with polished surfaces, visible slip bands appear
on the sides of the bar at approximately 45° to the
axis;
 These bands indicate that the material is failing in
shear along the planes on which the shear stress is
maximum;
 These bands are called either Lüders’ bands or Piobert’s
bands. They begin to appear when the yield stress is reached
in the bar. 45
EXAMPLE 2-11 OF TEXT BOOK

 Determine the value of x corresponding to

each of the four allowable stress. Then the
smallest value of x will determine the required
area. 46
 IMPACT LOADING
 Loads can be classified as static or dynamic depending upon
whether they remain constant or vary with time;
 A static load is applied slowly, so that it causes no
vibrational or dynamic effects in the structure. The load increases
gradually from zero to its maximum value, and thereafter it
remains constant.
 A dynamic load may take many forms—some loads are
applied and removed suddenly (impact loads), others persist
for long periods of time and continuously vary in intensity
(fluctuating loads);
 Impact loads are produced when two objects collide or when
a falling object strikes a structure;
 Fluctuating loads are produced by rotating machinery, traffic,
wind gusts, water waves, earthquakes, and manufacturing
processes. 47
 REPEATED LOADING OR FATIGUE

 Among the dynamic loads, impact loads acting suddenly and

repeated loads recurring for large numbers of cycles.

 A structure subjected to dynamic loads is likely to fail at a lower

stress than when the same loads are applied statically, especially
when the loads are repeated for a large number of cycles;

 In such cases failure is usually caused by fatigue, or

progressive fracture;

 A familiar example of a fatigue failure is stressing a metal paper

clip to the breaking point by repeatedly bending it back and forth.

 Fatigue may be defined as the deterioration of a material under

repeated cycles of stress and strain, resulting in progressive cracking
that eventually produces fracture.
48
 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
 The formula  = P/A is based upon the assumption that the
stress distribution is uniform throughout the cross section;
 In reality, bars often have holes, grooves, notches, keyways,
shoulders, threads, or other abrupt changes in geometry that
create a disruption in the otherwise uniform stress pattern. These
discontinuities in geometry cause high stresses in very small
regions of the bar, and these high stresses are known as stress
concentrations;
 The discontinuities themselves are known as stress
raisers;
 Stress concentrations also appear at points of loading. For
instance, a load may act over a very small area and produce high
stresses in the region around its point of application.
49
 Saint-Venant’s Principle
 Consider the stresses in a bar of rectangular
cross section (width b, thickness t) subjected to
a concentrated load P;
 The peak stress directly under the load may
be several times the average stress P/bt,
depending upon the area over which the load is
applied;
 The maximum stress diminishes rapidly as
we move away from the point of load
application;
 At a distance from the end of the bar equal
to the width b of the bar, the stress distribution
is nearly uniform.
This observation is true for most stress concentrations, such as holes and
grooves. The equation  = P/A gives the axial stresses on a cross section only
when the cross section is at least a distance b away from any concentrated
load or discontinuity, where b is the largest lateral dimension of the bar (such
as the width or diameter). The preceding statement about the stresses in a
prismatic bar is part of a more general observation known as Saint-Venant’s
principle. 50
 Study of Beams
Shear Forces and Bending Moments

51
 Supports of Beam
 Beam is a structural member subjected to lateral loads/forces or
moments having their vectors perpendicular to the axis of the bar;
 Finding the shear forces and bending moments is an essential step
in the design of any beam. Not only the maximum values of these
quantities, but also the manner in which they vary along the axis is very
much important.

A PIN SUPPORT A ROLLER

It prevents translation SUPPORT
at the end of a beam
but does not prevent
rotation.
It prevents translation in the vertical
The end cannot move horizontally or direction but not in the horizontal
vertically but the axis of the beam can direction;
rotate in the plane of the figure. Capable
of developing a force reaction with both The end can resist a vertical force
horizontal and vertical components, but but not a horizontal force. The axis
it cannot develop a moment reaction. of the beam is free to rotate. 52
 Types of Beam Based on Supports
A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
A BEAM WITH AN OVERHANG. The
overhanging segment is similar to a
cantilever beam.
The beam shown in Fig. which is fixed
at one end and free at the other, is
called A CANTILEVER BEAM. At the
fixed support (or clamped support) the
beam can neither translate nor rotate,
whereas at the free end it may do
both. Consequently, both force and
moment reactions may exist at the
fixed support. 53
 Types of Load and Analysis of Beams

CONCENTRATED
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
Constant intensity
LOADS DISTRIBUTED
Measured by intensity LINEARLY
VARYING/VARYING
COUPLE Intensity changes with distance

 Finding the reactions is usually the first step in the analysis of

a beam;
 Once the reactions are known, the shear forces and bending
moments can be found;
 If a beam is supported in a statically determinate manner, all
reactions can be found from free body diagrams and equations
of equilibrium. 54
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

HA = ?, RA = ?, RB =?
We need to use
 The equation of horizontal
equilibrium;
 Equations of moment
equilibrium about points B and
A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM A.

As a check on these results we can write an equation of

equilibrium in the vertical direction and verify that it reduces to an
identity.
55
 CANTILEVER BEAM

HA = ?, RA = ?, MA =?
We need to use
 The equation of horizontal
equilibrium;
 The equation of vertical
equilibrium.
CANTILEVER BEAM  Equation of equilibrium of
moments about point A in
Finally
order to eliminate both HA
and RA.

RA and MA can be checked by taking moments about end B of the beam

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 BEAM WITH AN OVERHANG

If you understand the solution of

simple beam and cantilever beam,
then A beam with an overhang
becomes very simple. Do it by yourself.

SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

The free body is held in equilibrium by the
force P and by the stresses that act over
the cut cross section. These stresses
represent the action of the right-hand part
of the beam on the left-hand part.

The resultant of these stresses must be such as

to maintain equilibrium of the free body.
The stress resultants in statically determinate
beams can be calculated from equations of
equilibrium (summing forces in the vertical
direction and also taking moments about the cut section).
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SIGN CONVENTIONS
 In the case of a beam, a positive
shear force acts clockwise against the
material and a negative shear force
acts counterclockwise against the
material;
 A positive bending moment
compresses the upper part of the beam
and a negative bending moment
compresses the lower part;
 Sign conventions for stress
resultants are called deformation
sign conventions;
 In dealing with axial forces in a bar a
deformation sign convention has been
used.
 In case of equations of equilibrium
static sign conventions (forces are
positive or negative according to their
directions along the coordinate axes) is used.
58