CE7002 Section-A SATISH SAJJA RUNWAY ORIENTATION • Runways will be oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.
• Head wind: It is the direction of wind opposite to the
direction of landing and taking-off, which provides greater lift on the wings of aircraft when it is taking-off.
• The aircraft rises much earlier above the ground and in
shorter length of runway, similarly during landing head wind provides braking effect and aircraft comes to stop in a smaller length of runway. Cross wind component and wind coverage
• The wind does not blow in the same direction
through out the year. • It makes certain angle with the centre line of the runway, the component along the direction of runway is Vcosθ and component normal to the centre line of runway is Vsin θ. • This normal component is known as cross wind, this may interrupt safe landing and take-off. • Maximum permissible cross wind depends on size of aircraft and wing configuration. • FAA recommends cross wind should not exceed 15kmph for smaller aircrafts and mixed traffic it should not exceed 25kmph. • ICAO recommends for bigger aircrafts it should not exceed 35 kmph. • Wind coverage : It is the percentage of time in a year during which the cross wind component remains within the limits as specified by FAA and ICAO. WIND ROSE • Definition: The wind data i.e., direction, duration and intensity are graphically represented by a diagram called wind rose. • Wind data should be collected for at least 5years and preferably 10years, so as to obtain accurate data. • Data should be collected near the site selected as wind conditions vary considerably with location. WIND DATA
• A typical wind data is given below.
• In the table duration of wind for any one direction covers at an angle of 22.5 degrees as shown in the figure. • It is assumed that wind may come from any point within the 22.5degrees sector. WIND DATA WIND ROSE DIAGRAMS
• Two types – Type I : Showing direction and duration of wind
– Type II : Showing direction, duration and intensity
of wind. Radial lines – wind direction Each circle- duration of wind
Type I Wind Rose
• The best direction of runway is usually along the direction of the longest line on wind rose diagram.
• Calm period: Percentage of time during which wind
intensity is less than 6.4 kmph is known as calm period. It does not influence the operations of landing and take off.
• Calm period = 100- 86.5 = 13.5%
• If deviation of wind direction upto (22.5+11.25) from the direction of landing and takeoff is permissible, Percentage of time in a year during which the runway can safely be used for landing and take off will obtained by summing the percentages of time along NNW, N, NNE, SSE, S and SSW directions (57% from given example) • Total percentage of time therefore comes to be = 57 % + 13.5 % (calm period) =70.5 % • This type of wind rose does not account effect of cross wind. Type II Wind Rose TYPE II Wind Rose diagram
• Each circle represents wind intensity to some
scale. • Values in each segment are percentage of time in a year during which the wind, having particular intensity, blows from respective direction.