First Year Science

Skeletal & Muscular Systems

 In this topic:
• Functions of the skeleton
• Parts of the skeleton
• Joint types
• Muscles
• Tendons & Ligaments
• Antagonistic muscles
 Functions of the Skeleton
1. Support
– Gives shape to bodies
2. Movement
– Levers for muscles to work on
3. Protection
– Brain & skull
– Heart & ribs
– Spinal cord & backbone
Parts of Skeleton
• All the bones of
the body work
together

Joint: EWhere
bones meet
 Two main types of joints
1. Fused joints:
• No movement between bones
• Example: skull
 2. Freely moving joints

• Contain a liquid called synovial fluid. This oils

the joint.
• Normally also
has cartilage

Cartilage: protects
E
the ends of
bones from friction in the joint
 Two types of freely moving joints

1. Ball and socket joints

– Shoulder and hips
– Movement in all directions

2. Hinge joints
– Elbows and knees
– Movement in one
direction only
 Draw in HB
notebook near
to your notes on
joints
Knee joint

Hip joint
 Muscles
• Made of protein

• Attached to bones on each side of a joint

 Tendons & Ligaments
Tendon: joins
E muscle to bone

• Muscles pull on tendons which are

attached to the bone
• Do not stretch
Ligament: joins
E bone to bone

• Ligaments reduce movement

between bone joints
• Prevents joint damage
How do muscles make an arm move?

Let's have a closer look

 Muscles
• Can contract (get shorter)
• Pulls on one of the bones, causing it to move
• Work in pairs known as “antagonistic pairs”

Antagonistic pair: two

E
muscles which work
together to carry out opposite effects

Muscle Stateofmuscle Effectonforearm nd

Effecton2muscle
Biceps Contracts Raised Elongatestriceps
Triceps Contracts Lowered Elongatesbiceps
 Protection Definition?
Skull
Support Movement
Joints Fused
Functions

SKELETON Freely moving

Ball &
Hinge
socket

Elbow & Hip &

knee shoulder
 Attaches muscle
to bone

Attaches bone
Tendon to bone

Made of
protein MUSCLES Ligament

Antagonistic
pairs

Biceps & Triceps

Chapter 8: Skeletal & Muscular
Systems
DONE!!