2-3 Carbon Compounds

The Chemistry of Life,

Carbon Compounds 2-3

KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
2. _____________
Proteins
3. _____________
Lipids
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

4._____________
Nucleic acids
2-3 Carbon Compounds

CARBOHYDRATES contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
(with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)

Molecules made up of only one

sugar molecule are
monosaccharides
called ________________

Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
 Important
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MONOSACCHARIDES

C6H12O6 C5H10O5 C5H10O5

ALL HAVE Ratio of…

1
__C: 2 H: __
__ 1 O
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Monosaccharides can be joined
together using
dehydration synthesis to make
____________________
________________
POLYSACCHARIDES made of
___________
MANY SUGAR molecules.
2-3 Carbon Compounds

Examples of IMPORTANT
POLYSACCHARIDES
___________
STARCH

___________
CELLULOSE

GLYCOGEN
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

WHAT DO
CARBOHYDRATES
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

Cells use GLUCOSE

energy needs
for their ________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

ANIMAL cells
store glucose
as _________.
GLYCOGEN
2-3 Carbon Compounds

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

PLANT cells
Store glucose
as ______
STARCH .
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL

PLANTS also use

glucose to make
___________
CELLULOSE

Cellulose makes
plants _______
STURDY
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION

GLYCOPROTEINS
(proteins with
sugars attached)
on the surface of
cells help cells
_____________
recognize “self”
2-3 Carbon Compounds

GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES

ORGAN
REJECTION RECOGNIZING
GERMS
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
2. _____________
Proteins
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

4. _____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS contain:
Carbon
________,
_________,
Hydrogen
Oxygen
_______, and
_________
Nitrogen and
are built from
AMINO ACID
__________
subunits
2-3 Carbon Compounds

R-group is different for

The _______
each AMINO ACID

20 different
There are ___
ANIMO ACIDS used by cells
proteins .
to make _______
2-3 Carbon Compounds

What kind of chemical reaction

is used to join amino acid
subunits to make proteins?
dehydration
____________
synthesis
____________

Hint: water out

& put together
2-3 Carbon Compounds

The sequence of amino acids in

the protein chain is determined
DNA code
by the __________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

Proteins have a 3D shape

“Like wants to be
near like”
hydrophobic
The ____________
hydrophilic
and ____________
R-Groups make it fold
up.
Van der Waals forces & the
Then ____________
hydrogen bonds hold it together.
2-3 Carbon Compounds

WHAT DO
PROTEINS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds

GLYCOPROTEINS
(SUGARS attached to proteins)

on the surface of
cells help cells
recognize “self”
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:

BLOOD
TYPES

ORGAN
REJECTION

RECOGNIZING
GERMS
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL

_______
Proteins and ___________
Phospholipids
are the main components in
cell membranes.
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL

Proteins
combine with
DNA which
_____
wrap up into
chromosomes
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES

ENZYMES
help chemical
reactions
happen faster
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS CONTROL GENES

ON and ____
by turning them ____ OFF
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS FIGHT GERMS

ANTIBODIES
____________
are proteins that
attack and kill germs
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT

Proteins in cell
membranes help
out
move molecules ___
in of cells
& ___
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT

HEMOGLOBIN in
red blood cells
____________
carry oxygen
to all body cells
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS help with

MOVEMENT
MUSCLES
Body _________,
FLAGELLA and
__________,
MITOTIC SPINDLE
__________________
are made of
PROTEINS
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PROTEINS act as HORMONES

Eating food puts

GLUCOSE in your
bloodstream

INSULIN is a protein hormone that

___________
controls blood sugar levels in the body .
2-3 Carbon Compounds

INSULIN
causes cells
To store
glucose
_______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
DIABETES
People with __________
can’t make insulin and their
TOO high
Blood sugar stays _________
because cells
can’t store glucose.

Insulin shots can

Replace the missing
Insulin.
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
2. _____________
Proteins
3. _____________
Lipids
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

4. _____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

Lipids are made mainly from

Carbon
________ Hydrogen
and __________
oxygen atoms)
(very few _______
2-3 Carbon Compounds

WHAT
DO
LIPIDS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)

Polar head
________

Non-polar tails
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS

join with PROTEINS to make
cell membranes .
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

LIPIDS
can be used to
________.
store energy
2-3 Carbon Compounds

LIPIDS INSULATE
LIPIDS form
myelin
______ which
is insulation on
nerve cells)
______
2-3 Carbon Compounds

LIPIDS INSULATE
Help maintain
body heat
_________
which helps with
homeostasis .
__________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

LIPIDS can be HORMONES

STEROIDS like
_________
_____________,
TESTOSTERONE
___________,
ESTROGEN and
_____________are
PROGESTERONE
steroid hormones
involved in reproduction
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
2. _____________
Proteins
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)

4._____________
Nucleic acids
2-3 Carbon Compounds

NUCLEIC ACIDS
contain: are built from
_______,
CARBON ___________
NUCLEOTIDE
HYDROGEN
_________, subunits
_______,
OXYGEN
___________
PHOSPHORUS
NITROGEN
and ________
2-3 Carbon Compounds

NUCLEOTIDES

sugar &/or
Changing the _______
nitrogen base produces
and ____________
different nucleotide subunits
2-3 Carbon Compounds

NUCLEOTIDES

2 SUGARS can be used:

____________
DEOXYRIBOSE ________
RIBOSE
(DNA) (RNA)
2-3 Carbon Compounds

5 NITROGEN BASES
ADENINE
_____________ = A
GUANINE
_____________ = G
CYTOSINE
_____________ = C
THYMINE
_____________ = T (only in DNA)
URACIL
_____________ = U (only in RNA)
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MAKING DNA:

Nitrogen bases:
A, T, C, or G
_____________

Uracil
DNA has NO _____
SUGAR
DEOXYRIBOSE
= “______________”
2-3 Carbon Compounds

MAKING RNA:
These
Image by: Riedell

Nitrogen bases
A, U, C, or G
_____________

RNA has NO Thymine

_______
SUGAR
RIBOSE
= “________”
2-3 Carbon Compounds

What kind of chemical reaction

do you think is used to join
nucleotide subunits to make
nucleic acids?

Dehydration
____________
synthesis
____________

Hint: water out

& put together
2-3 Carbon Compounds

2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS

Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA= __________________

DOUBLE
________
STRANDED

SUBUNITS:
A, T, G, C
(has No “U”)
2-3 Carbon Compounds

DNA molecule forms a HELIX

or “twisted ladder”
ADENINE bonds THYMINE
__________ _________
with

CYTOSINE GUANINE
_________ bonds __________
with
2-3 Carbon Compounds

2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS

Ribonucleic acid
RNA= ________________

SINGLE STRANDED
_______

Subunits:
A, U, G, C
(has NO “T”)
2-3 Carbon Compounds

WHAT
DO
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds

ONE SPECIAL KIND of

NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to
Store and transport ENERGY

RIBOSE
ATP
Sugar =_____________
RIBOSE
ADENINE
Nitrogen base =__________
3 PHOSPHATE groups
+___
2-3 Carbon Compounds

DNA
stores
_____
genetic
______
information
________
in cells

More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14

2-3 Carbon Compounds

RNA
CARRIES INFORMATION
from DNA in nucleus out to cell

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Helps with _________________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Concept Map
Section 2-3

Carbon
Compounds
include

that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain which contain

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2-3 Carbon Compounds
Concept Map
Section 2-3

Carbon
Compounds
include

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of

Sugars and
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
starches
which contain which contain which contain which contain

Carbon, Carbon, Carbon,hydrogen, Carbon,

hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,oxygen,
oxygen oxygen phosphorus nitrogen,

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