Dasar Ilmu Tanah

semester ganjil 2016/2017

Materi 02: MORFOLOGI DAN

HORISONISASI TANAH

ROSSYDA PRIYADARSHINI
 Proses Pembentukan Tanah
 HORISONISASI
 PROSES PEMBENTUKAN TANAH DIMANA TERJADI
PEMBENTUKAN TANAH DENGAN PEMBENTUKAN
BEBERAPA MACAM HORISON

 HAPLODISASI
 PROSES DIMANA PEMBENTUKAN HORISON
DIHALANGI , BERTAMBAH, ATAUPUN TERJADI
PENCAMPURAN HORISON
 4 proses HAPLODISASI
1. Penambahan (Akumulasi), termasuk penambahan
bahan organik dan mineral ke dalam tanah dalam
bentuk padat, cair, dan gas
2. Kehilangan (leaching) , no 1 di atas, termasuk: air
karena evaporasi atau transpirasi dan pencucian
hara dari tanah atau penyerapan hara oleh tanaman
3. Translokasi , termasuk pergerakan liat, bahan
organik, garam, dan unsur hara dari satu lapisan ke
lapisan lainnya
4. Transformasi , perubahan bentuk bahan mineral
atau bahan organik di dalam tanah termasuk
pembentukan liat, dan penyusunan komponen tanah
menjadi agregat yang berstruktur
Sepuluh Proses Pembentukan
Tanah
1. Pencucian (leaching) (2)
2. Kalsifikasi (3)
3. Eluviasi dan Iluviasi liat (3)
4. Podsolisasi (3,4)
5. Desilikasi (3,4)
6. Reduksi / Gleisasi (3,4)
7. Salinisasi (3)
8. Alkalinisasi (3)
9. Erosi (2)
10. Deposisi (pengendapan) (1)
 Profil Tanah
 Irisan / penampang tegak tanah yang
menampakkan semua horizon sampai ke
bahan induk; dalam profil tanah, bagian
yang mengandung akar tanaman atau
dipengaruhi oleh akar tanaman disebut
SOLUM
 Bermanfaat untuk deskripsi tanah, tetapi
hanya menggambarkan satu titik pada
lansekap dan hanya dua dimensi.
 Profil Tanah dan Pedon
 Profil tanah tidak dapat memberikan
semua informasi tentang keragaman
ketebalan horizon; untuk itu
diperlukan studi volume tanah yang
disebut PEDON.
 Pedon adalah tubuh tanah 3 dimensi,
dan didefinisikan sebagai jumlah
minimal bahan yang bisa disebut
tanah, ukuran berkisar 1 - 10 m3.
 Jika beberapa pedon yang
mempunyai sifat dan ciri sama
digabungkan disebut polipedon..
Pedon dan Polipedon
 Profil Tanah Mineral

Tanah di kawasan Tanah di kawasan Tanah di kawasan

perbukitan kapur pegunungan pantai
 Profil Tanah Organik

Parit yang digali pada

horizon O pada tanah organik

Parit diperlukan untuk

Mengalirkan air agar gambut
kering sebelum panen
 Horizon Tanah
 Lapisan tanah yang hampir sejajar dengan
permukaan lahan dan secara genetik berbeda
dengan lapisan didekatnya dalam hal sifat fisik,
kimia dan biologi, seperti warna, struktur,
tekstur, jumlah dan jenis organisme dll.
 Tiap horizon diberi nama dengan Huruf besar
yang mencerminkan horizon utama. Penamaan
horizon ini sangat bermanfaat untuk deskripsi,
interpretasi, analisis dan klasifikasi tanah
 Penamaan Horizon Tanah

 Horizon tanah antara

satu tanah dengan tanah
lainnya dapat berbeda
nama
 Penamaan horizon tanah
diperlukan pengalaman &
praktek
 Horizon Tanah Mineral

 Horizon A – horizon
permukaan yang
mengakumulasi bahan Ap

organik EB

 Ap = lapisan bajak
Bt

Ap
BC

C
 Horizon E

 E - (semula A2) –
translokasi keluar – A
Zona Eluviasi – E
tercuci keluar
E/B

 Warna lebih cerah Bt

dari horizon di
atasnya atau di
bawahnya BC
C
 Horizon B- 2 macam:

1. Translokasi masuk - Bt
di bawah A, E, atau O dengan
akumulasi liat, besi, humus atay
karbonat –Bt (zona Illuviasi)

2. Atau alterasi bahan induk,

perubahan warna atau struktur
- Bw
 Horizon C
 C - kurang dipengaruhi proses
pedogenesis dan tidak memiliki
sifat O-A-B-E- atau disebut
Bahan Induk terlapuk

Solum = A+B

Horizon C
 Horizon R (batuan)

 R = batu keras
 Cr = baru lunak
 Proses pembentukan horizon tanah mineral
1. A. penambahan - H2O, bahan
organik, udara, partikel tanah, garam
2. B. kehilangan - H2O, bhn organik,
CO2 , hara akibat diserap
tanaman
3. C. transformasi – perubahan
struktur tanah, pembentukan mineral
liat, pelapukan mineral menjadi unsur
4. D. translokasi – pergerakan bhn
organik, liat, air, besi & hara dalam
ukuran koloid (partikerl sangat kecil)
dari satu horizon ke lainnya; film
(selimut) liat terjadi pada translokasi
ini
 Horizon Organik
 Horizon O – bahan organik
(tidak ada bahan mineral)
1) lantai seresah hutan
2) tanah gambut
 Horizon Oi – tidak
terdekomposisi (fibris)
 Horizon Oe – terdekomposisi
sedang (hemis)
 Horizon Oa – terdekomposisi
(sapric)
 Horizon tanah organik di lantai hutan

Oi

Oe
Manfaat informasi tentang Profil Tanah
Peran Penting

Parameter
Biologis

Genesis & klasifikasi

tanah

Penggunaan lahan perkotaan,

kualitas air
KLASIFIKASI TANAH
 Soil Taxonomy
Order
12 Soil forming processes / diagnostic horizons
Genetic similarity: Wetness, climate, vegetation
Suborder 63

Great group 250

Sub group 1400

Family 8000

19,000
Series
 Akhiran Untuk
Nama Ordo Arti Asal Kata
Kategori Lain
Alfisol ALF Dari Al-Fe
Andisol AND Ando, tanah hitam
Aridisol ID Aridus, sangat kering
Entisol ENT Dari Recent
Gelisol EL Gelare, membeku
Histosol IST Histos, jaringan
Inceptisol EPT Inceptum, permulaan
Mollisol OLL Mollis, lunak
Oxisol OX Oxide, oksida
Spodosol OD Spodos, abu
Ultisol ULT Ultimus, akhir
Vertisol ERT Verto, berubah
 Penciri Utama
Ordo
Horison penciri Sifat-sifat penciri lain

Kejenuhan basa ( jumlah kation ) tinggi ( lebih

Alfisol Horison argilik
dari 35% ), pada kedalaman 180 cm.

Andisol - Mempunyai sifat tanah andik

Regim kelembaban tanah aridik (sangat kering

Aridisol Horison oksik
)

Entisol Hanya ada epipedon ochrik, albik atau histik -

Mempunyai sifat gelik (membeku sepanjang

Gelisol -
tahun)

Histosol Epipedon histik tebalnya lebih dari 40 cm -

Inceptisol Horison kambik -

Kejenuhan basah (NH4OAC PH 7) seluruh

Mollisol Epipedoin mollik
solum lebih dari 50%

Oxisol Horison oksik -

Spodosol Horison spodik -

Kejenuhan basa ( jumlah kation ) rendah

Ultisol Horison argillik (kurang dari 35%), pada kedalaman 180
cm

Bersifat vertik ( musim kering mengerut,

tanah pecah-pecah; musim hujan tanah
Vertisol -
mengembang sangat lekat) lebih dari
30% liat.
 Moisture Conditions
Suborder
Wet Aquic – poor aeration, reduced iron
Udic- dry < 90 total days Order
Ustic - limited but is present
Aridic- moist <90 total days Suborder
Dry Xeric - dry
Great group

Temperature Conditions Sub group

Family
cold Family
Cryic – icy cold
Frigid – lower than 8oC
Mesic – between 8 and 15oC Series
Thermic – between 15 and 22oC
Hot Hyperthermic - > 22oC
 Soil Orders

Entisol Ent- Recent

Histosol Hist- Histic (organic)
Inceptisol Incept- Inception
Alfisol Alf- Television alien
Ultisol Ult- Ultimate
Spodosol Spod- Spodos (wood ash)
Mollisol Moll- Mollis (soft)

Oxisol Ox- oxide

Andisol And- Ando (black)
Gelisol Gel- Gelid (cold)
Aridisol Arid- Arid (dry)
Vertisol Vert- Verto (turn)
 Soil Orders
•Entisols – little development, usually A-C horizons, ochric epipedon
•Inceptisols – A little more development, Bw horizons, ochric, umbric epipedon
•Alfisols – Argillic/Kandic horizon (Bt) less than 2 m, base saturation is > 35%
•Ultisols – Argillic/Kandic horizon (Bt) less than 2 m, base saturation is < 35%
•Mollisols – Mollic epipedon, dark, high organic matter
•Spodosols – Spodic horizon (Bh), ochric, umbric epipedon
•Histosols – Organic soil, histic epipedon

Entisols Inceptisols Alfisols Ultisols Mollisols Spodosols Histosols

0 A A A A A
A
E E
E
Bw O
meters

Bt Bw Bh
C
Bt
C
C C C C
2
 1. Entisols
-recent
 No diagnostic subsurface
horizons.
 Very recent or young soil
• Little if any profile
development
 Form on
• resistant P.M.,
• mine spoils, Young Soils
• steep slopes, Weaklly developed
• floodplains Sandy or clayey
Ochric Epipedon
A – C profiles
 2. Inceptisols
inception (Latin, beginning)

 Slightly more development

than Entisols
 Young soils but beginning of
profile development is
evident.
• Well-defined profile Ap horizon
characteristics of mature soils
are yet to be developed. Bw horizon

 May have a cambic/umbric

horizon C horizon
 3. Mollisols
mollis (Latin, soft)

 Typically form under

grasslands.
 Soils with a mollic epipedon:
• Thick humus-rich surface horizon
 High % base saturation
throughout profile
 Slightly leached
 Very fertile soils
 High organic matter
 Thick surface horizon
 Highly productive
 4.
Alfisols
pedalfer

 Do have an argillic horizon

 About 35% base saturation
 Develop in humid, temperate
regions
 Vegetation is usually
deciduous (forests, savanna)
 Gray to brown surface horizon
 Good for grain production
Alfisols

Mollic/Umbric/Ochric epipedon
A horizon

E horizon

Bt horizon (argillic, kandic)

base saturation > 35%

Btg horizon
 5. Spodosols
-spodos (Greek, wood ashes)

 Have a spodic horizon

 Associated with acidic vegetation
 Form in acid, coarse, quartz (sandy)
bearing P.M.
 Low fertility
 Subsoil accumulation of organic
matter with aluminum and/or iron
 Formed under Wet acidic conditions
 Poorly or Very poorly drained
 Pine Flatwoods
 6. Ultisols
-ultimate (Latin, last)

 Have Argillic or Kandic with

<35% Base saturation.
A horizon
 Warm and humid environs.

 Old, highly weathered, high E horizon

degree of development (ult)
 Low fertility
Mollic/umbric/Ochric epipedon
Argillic or Kandic horizon Bt horizon
Base saturation < 35%
 7. Oxisols
-oxide (French, oxide)
 Have an oxic horizon.
• Dominated by residual
accumulations of Fe and Al oxides
and kaolinite
 Most extensively weathered
soils (occur in tropical regions).
 Intense red or yellow (high in
oxidized iron).
 Low % Base Saturation.
• extensively leached
 Low fertility.
 8. Histosols -histos (Greek, tissue)
 Organic soils (peats and mucks)
 Mainly found in cold climates
(Alaska, Canada, Finland, Russia)
 Low-lying swampy areas
 Virtually all Histosols occur in
wetland environments
 Have very low bulk densities and
very high water holding capacity

• Peat or muck
• > 20% organic matter
• Agriculturally valuable
• Sometimes used as fuel
• Often over impermeable material
 9. Vertisols
-invert (Latin, turn)
 High clay soils (>30% sticky
shrink-swell clays).
 Deep cracks upon drying
 Materials from soil surface fill
cracks and become part of
the subsurface when the
cracks close (inverted soil)
10. Aridisols
-arid (Latin, dry)
 Form in aridic moisture
regimes (dry)
 Dry at least 6 months
 Low OM
 Little leaching
• High base sat.
• Can be very productive if
irrigated
11. Andisols
-ando (Jap., black soil)
 Form from P.M. of volcanic origin
• Soil forms by rapid weathering of
volcanic ash to produce poorly
crystallized aluminosilicates (allophane
& imogolite)

 Andisols are young soils ( and they

have high OM)
 In dry climates, can be susceptible
to wind erosion
 Can have unusually low bulk
densities
 12. Gelisols
-gelid (Greek, cold)
 Presence of permafrost layer within
100 cm of soil surface defines this
soil class

 Young soils with little profile

development
• Cold temperatures and frozen
conditions for much of the year slow
the process of soil formation.

 May show evidence of cryoturbation

• physical disturbance of soil material
caused by freezing and thawing
 SEKIAN

TERIMAKASIH
2016
Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizons
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons

Formation
Translocation
Transformation

Clays Organic Matter Oxides

 Formation
Subsurface Horizons Translocation
Transformation

Organic Matter Clays Oxides

Dark colors smectites Iron

Metals (Fe, Al) Kaolinite Aluminum

Also: salts, carbonates, sulfides

Diagnostic Subsurface
Horizons

Albic Natric
Argillic Agric
Spodic Calcic Subordinate Distinctions
Oxic Gypsic
Kandic Salic
Cambic Duripan
Sombric Fragipan
sulfuric Placic
 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Albic (white) Horizon

Light-colored (Value > 6 moist )

Elluvial (E master horizon*)
Low in clay, Fe and Al oxides
Generally sandy textured
Low chemical reactivity (low CEC) albic
Typically overlies Bh or Bt horizons

*not all E horizons are albic horizons

 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Argillic Horizon

Illuvial accumulation of silicate clays

Illuvial based on overlying horizon
Clay bridges
Clay coatings

Bt horizon
Diagnostic Subsurface Clay Horizons

Argillic Horizon Kandic Horizon

High Activity of Clays Low

Necessary Illuviation of clay Not Necessary

 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons

Spodic Horizon

• Illuvial accumulation of organic matter

and aluminum (+/- iron)
• Dark colored (value, chroma < 3)
• Low base saturation (acidic)
• Formed under humid acid conditions

Bh horizon Spodic
 Elluviation and Illuviation

Elluviation (E horizon and A horizons)

Organic matter Clays

A A
E
E Bh horizon Bt horizon

Bh Bt

Spodic horizon Argillic horizon

 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Oxic horizon

• Highly weathered (high temperatures, high rainfall)

- High in Fe, Al oxides activity
- High in low-activity clays (kaolinite < smectite < vermiculite)

Bo horizon
 Diagnostic Horizons

Surface Horizons:
Mollic- thick, dark colored, high %B.S., structure
Umbric – same, but lower B.S.
Ochric – pale, low O.M., thin
Histic – High O.M., thick, wet, dark

Sub-Surface Horizons:
Argillic – illuvial accum. of clay (high activity)
Kandic – accum. of clay (low activity)
Spodic – Illuvial O.M. accumulation (Al and/or Fe)
Oxic – highly weathered, kaolinite, Fe and Al oxides
Albic – light colored, elluvial, low reactivity