EXPRESSING

EXPRESSING TIME CONTRAST/

CONCESSION

EXPRESSING TIME EXPRESSING

CONJUNCTION CAUSE AND
RESULT/PURPOSE
EFFECT/REASON

EXPRESSING
EXPRESSING DINA
NINIK ADDITIONAL
CONDITION
TRINO INFORMATION
GUSNAWA
FAJAR
 CONJUNCTION EXPRESSING CAUSE AND
EFFECT/REASON

▪ Adalah conjunction untuk menghubungkan 2 kalimat sebab akibat yang

tidak setara yang tidak setara, termasuk dalam subordinate conjunction.
1. Accordingly : karena itu, eg : Gajah Mada University is a famous
university in Indonesia, accordingly many student want to study there.
2. Consequently = as a result : akibatnya ,eg : His father died five years
ago, consequently all the responsibillities to raise the children fell on his
mother.
3. Hence : karena alasan itu / dengan demikian / mulai saat ini, eg : He
was born when his parent worked in Irian, hence he is named Irianto
4. For = since = because = since = as : karena , eg : Everyone is looking for
him, for he is the only one who knows where the key is.
 COMMONLY USED TO EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT/REASON
 For(optional/ karena),because,since,as(karena)
For(optional),because,since,as(karena)
• e.g:
1. Since/because it was wet,he took a taxi.
2. The days were short, for/since it was not December.
• Pattern :
1. because/as/since + clause (S+V+Object)
2. because of + phrase (noun phrase/obj/gerund/pronoun)
due to
e.g :
1. Because I found out that not all the workshop participants knew about today’s
schedule,I got my secretary to distribute it right away.
2. Because of urgent appointment with the doctor,I couldn’t lend you my car.
 PATTERN
a. S + verb + object + because + S + verb + object (clause)
eg :
1.I stayed at home because it was raining.
2.I ran out of the house because I heard a loud crash.
b. S + verb + object + due to + noun phrase
Example :
1.I stayed at home due to the rain
2.I couldn’t arrive home on time due to the traffic jam
c. Because of + noun phrase,subject + verb + object + adverb
Example :
1.Because of the rain,I stayed at home
2.Because of the traffic jam,I couldn’t arrive home on time.
 CONJUNCTION EXPRESSING TIME

When, after, before, until, since, while, once, as and as soon as are subordinating
conjunctions which can be used to connect an action or an event to a point in time.
1.When, once, as soon as : to talk about a specific point in time when something
happened or will happen, eg : When we were in Greece, we went to as many islands as
possible. They always close their curtains once they get home in the evening. As soon
as we hear any news, we’ll call you
2.while to show that actions or events happen at the same time in the past, present or
future, eg : Can you wait in the car while I run into the shop?
Warning:
We don’t use during instead of while. During is a preposition, not a conjunction, and it
must be followed by a noun or a pronoun:I like to have the radio on while I study.Not: I like
to have the radio on during I study.
3. We use before and after to talk about the order of events in the past or future.
With before and after, either the main clause or the subordinate clause can come first:
Eg :[event1}She’ll pick you up before [event 2]she comes here.  After [event 1]she comes
here, [event 2]she’ll pick you up.
Until as a time conjunction means up to a time in the past or future. In the case of until, the
main clause usually comes firstI’m going to wait until the January sales start to buy a new
jacket.Until he mentioned his name was Doug, I thought he was called Damien!(less common
order)  We spell until with one l. (Not: untill)

4. The conjunction as has several different meanings. We use as when one event happens while
another is in progress (‘during the time that’). In this case the verb after is often in the
continuous form:
They arrived as we were leaving. (time conjunction meaning‘while’ or ‘when’)
We use as to connect a result with a cause:
I went to bed at 9 pm as I had a plane to catch at 6 am. (reason and result meaning ‘because’)
We also use as to mean ‘in the way that’:
As the forecast predicted, the weather was dreadful for the whole of the weekend.
5. We use since to refer back to a previous point in time. We use since as a preposition
with a date, a time or a noun phrase:
1. It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990. (since + date)
2. I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21. (since + noun phrase)
3. We also use since as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause:
4. It’s so long since I saw them. (since + clause)
5. Lenny had slept most of the way since leaving Texas. (since + clause)
6. He’s been back to the office a few times since he retired. (since + clause)