URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Basic Terms
Community-
Group of people, a common sentiment, definite
locality, concrete concept.
Society-
The network of social relationship, no definite locality
abstract concept
Urbanization-
Urbanization is not only a process of population movement
from rural to urban areas but also the process of resulting
increasing proportion of a population that resides in urban
rather than rural places.
Sub-urbanization-
The moment of population and services from large cities to
the surrounding areas of these cities
City-
A city is a dense and permanent concentration of people
leaving in a limited geographical area who earn their living
primarily thru non-agricultural activities. The influence of
any cities extends for beyond its official boundaries.
Urban Place-
As if US census any place that has a population of
25,000 or more and is incorporated (united).
To e designated as urban, the required minimum
population very. For example
A number of countries 2,000 in habitanty
Denmark and Sweden 200 lowest
Netherland 20,000
Nepal 20,000
Japan 30,000
US census Bureau 2500
Metropolis-
A large city that economically and culturally dominates
the surrounding area with its satellite cites and towns.
A metropolis in the central city of a metropolitan area.
Metropolitan Area-
A contiguous territorial unit economically and socially
integrated around a large central city or metropolis
such areas tend to be functional units tied together by
a network of transportation and communication lines a
reradiating from metropolis they are not, however,
politically integrated.
Metropolitan Region-
It is larger than metropolitan area and extends well beyond
the suburb of the metropolis. The M.R. is often divided into
the metropolis and its hinterland. Within the hinterland are
found smeller cities, towns and rural areas. Criteria used to
delimit M.R. include the range of metropolitan newspaper
circulation, trade, banking, communication and
transportation routs.
Sub-urbanization
A relatively small community that is a part of the urbanized
area to a metropolis or to a and dependent on a central city.
It may e attached to a metropolis or to a metropolitan city. A
suburb is politically independent from the central city, but
economically dependent upon it.
[Urbanized=Central city and the urban fringe]
Urban Fringe-
The area beyond the established suburbs of a city. It is less
politically organized than the suburbs. This area is also
referred to as the rural urban fringe.
Urban Ring-
The area surrounding a city including suburbs and the urban
fringe.

1 1. central city
2 2. suburban----------
Urban Ring
3. Urban fringe----
3
1+2+3 = Urbanized area.
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)
include-
I. A city of 50,000 or more,
II. The entire country in which the central city is
located, and
III. Any outlying countries that meet several criteria
regarding urban attributes and economic links to the
central city.
Megalopolis-
Standard consolidated area (SCA) includes several
adjacent SMSAs and clearly developing (SCA) is the
Bos-wash Megalopolis which is expected to develop by
the year 2000 into a continuous city of 35 million
people between Boston and Washington DC.
Urban community-
A community c’ is high population density, a predominance of non-
agricultural occupations, a high degree of specialization of local
government. Urban communities also tend to be characterized by a
heterogeneous population, a predominance of impersonal secondary
relations, and dependence on formal social controls.
Theories of evaluation of towns:-beginning from rivers
Hydraulic theory:-1960-Ag. productivity, soil,water availaity,saving,
Technology (fishling) Neolithic period(8000-3500bc),Bureaucracy
Economic theory:-commerce& trade ,markate, Tigris & Euphrates of
Mesopotamia (4000-3000BC),Egyptain
Military Theory:-security Centre, war,battle,...
Religious Theory :-Temple, culture, norms and values
NEPAL:-600BC KTM,malla period(1200-1769),18th century export
&emport centre,1975 community urbanization process,1988,village
settlement,1980 rana punarbash,1951 migration tendency,1950
pubadhar bikash programme,2046,
Megacities of 10 million or above -
Tokyo(38),Delhi(25),Shanghai(23), Mexico, Mumbai, Sao -
paulo .

Large cities of 5-10 million-

Santiago(chile),Madrid(spain), Singapore

Medium sized 1-5 million-Nagasaki ,Busan, Korea, Bosnia,

chicago
Cities of 500000 to 1millions- Bangalore,
Hongkong,Kualampur

Urban Areas smaller than-500000- kenya,Angola

THE GROUWTH OF CITIES / THE URBAN
REVOLUTION-
Taking the social aspect of urban community, the city is a
way of life. The word ‘urban’ suggests this way of life, it
indicates fashionable living, wide acquaintance c’ things and
people and political manner of speech.
the three great socio-economic revolutions – the
industrial revolution, the agrarian revolution and the
transport revolution- sparked off another great revolution:
the urban revolution. While the industrial revolution
necessitated urbanization, the agrarian and transport
revolution facilitate it. The process of world urbanization,
set in motion by these three revolutions about two centuries
ago, in still going unabated.
6th Bc. The 1st Urban revolution was
associated c’ the process of
civilization
1800 The 2nd urban revolution was
produced by the combination of
industralization c’ urbanization
1750 The 3rd urban revolution is associated c’
the entire world population and the
growth of mega cities.
First Urban Revolution-
Estimate of possible size of same ancient cities.
City Peroid (century) Population
Babylon 6th BC 350,000
Pataliputra 4th BC 500,000
Alexandria 1st BC 700,000
Rome 2nd AD 1,100,000
Bagdad 9th AD 750,000
Angkar 10th of 11th AD 1,500,000

According to anthropological research (Adams,

1965) the first urban settlements were located around
3500 BC in Mesopotamia. The location of the ancient
cities were very slow to develop.
Gist and Halbert classified the cities on the basis
of functional concept, as given below:
1. Productive cities like Jamesport (for iron and steel),
Ahmedabad (for textile)
2. Centre of trade and commerce like Delhi, New York.
3. Political capitals like Washington, London
4. Cultural cities like Oxford and Cambridge.
5. Resort cities like Monte Carlo, Srinagar.
6. Diversified cities : all modern cities.
Second Urban Revolution:
The urbanization of the world during the last 200
years has had two fundamental causes. First, as a nation
becomes more wealthy, its services. The second major
reason for urbanization has been the changing character
of food production specially the use of machinery.
the industrial revolution encouraged the rapid
growth of cities. It was in England, the cradle of the
industrial revolution, that the process of urbanization
began. The industrial revolution was a combination of
technological developments beginning the 18th century
that created major changes in transportation, agriculture,
commerne, and industry itself.
 Growth of Urban Population

1950 1975 2000 2025 2050

LDRs 17% 28 44 60
MDRs 53 69 30 87
world 30 40 50 65

Note: MDRs=North America, Europe, Japan, Australia,

Newzealand and USSR.
 World Urban Growth
Year urban% Urban Pop. Total Pop.
1980 39 1.731 4.439
2015 54 3.968 7.349
2050 66 6.419 9.725
 Recent urban pop.
Recent urban population in the world
North America- 82%
Latin America - 80%
Europe - 74%
North America- 52%
Asia - 48%
Sub Sahara Africa- 38%
Australia - 71%
 Growth of large cities
Growth of large cities (more than 1 lakh)
In 1800 –about 50 large cities
1900- 360
1950- 949
1980- 1677
2000- 3600
2016- 4416(150000Pop.)
• Millions cities in the world / mega (10>Above)
• 1800-------1(million cities)-----
• 1850--------3
• 1900--------11
• 1950---------78----------------2(newYork& London)
• 1975----------183 ----1980--------10
• 1985----------220-------2000------25
• 2000---------433---------2014------28
• 2014----------525--------2030------41
URBAN RENEWAL
The concept of UR was understood differently in different
countries and at different periods to suit the local interest. The American
thought on this aspect was expressed in terms of redevelopment in
Housing Act of 1949. In England, the policies in inner cities had made it
clear that involving local people is a necessary means for the regeneration
of urban areas. People is necessary means for the regeneration of urban
areas. In most European countries, preservation of historical buildings, re-
use of buildings, development of tourist spots etc. were attempted.
UR is an answer to urban crisis particularly in older parts of towns and
cities.
UR is the gradual replacement of old and uneconomic structures with new
ones, better suited for the changing needs and yielding better returns on
investment.
“In a border frame, the term. [urban renewal] involves renewing the urban
life where the process of degeneration or decline is set into motion due to a
variety of factors like technological advances, industrialization,
modernization and their cumulative impact on the settlement pattern and
social organization”- D. Ravindra Parsad, P.1.
For content perspective UR encompassed a wide
range of functions
a) Utilization of old buildings
b) Provision of new buildings
c) Improvements to civic infrastructure and traffic and
transportation.
d) Development of economic functions.
e) Improvement of old and existing cities.
f) Construction of satellite and dormitory township..
g) Improvement of environment.
h) Up gradation of services [Urban].
In popular parlance, UR is used interchangeably
with redevelopment, rehabilitation and
conservation. These are also considered as the
forms of UR.

• Redevelopment
• Rehabilitation
• Urban Conservation
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The concept of UD emerged in response to growing
problems caused by urbanization. means of rapid urban
growth, urban unemployment and the shortage of resources
are the major problems of urbanization which are to be
solved city’ the help of planned urban development.
Rapid urbanization and growing industrialization have made
UD a challenging process attracting scholars from different
disciplines like urban sociology, urban geography, urban
economics and so forth.
• In fact the concept of UD emerged as a ‘catch-word’
among the planners, demograpers, economists and policy-
makers specially to solve urban problems, thus UD is
viewed from different perspective. To planners, UD is the
preparation of matter plan to solve the anticipated urban
problems.
• Sociologists assume it as a strategy for the planned socio-
cultural change.
• Economists view it as a favorable change in the economic
structure. Specially in the field of industrialization and
market development.
• Political scientists view it as the plan of city government.
• Administrators may view it from the structural and
functional aspects of the organizational arrangement.
• There us a close relationship between UD, urban policy,
urban planning & urbanization.
• Urban development is the determination of execution of
policies, plans, programs and strategies to solve the
prevailing and anticipated problems of urbanization.
.In the field of U.D. our general ojective is to
develop a model urban centre .
1 formation of urban land policy
2 formation of urban settlement policy
3 preparation of settlement planning
4 planning for the transportation
5 design for shelter infrastructure
6 provision of urban services
7 institutionalization of settlement activities
Process of Urban Development
1. Evolutionary process- e.g. Rome, London,
Bataliputra.
2. Planned process
3. Coercive process- e.g. colonial city.
4. Haphazard of self –propelled process. – e.g. On
planned town.
URBANISM
The term ‘Urbanism’ was first used by, the sociologist of the
university of Chicago, Louis Wirth (1938) to describe the
distinctive patterns of social behavior evident among city
residents. Wirth argued that a relatively large and permanent
self residents. Wirth argued distinctive patterns of behavior,
which he called urbanism.
He identified three critical factors contributing to
urbanism:
1. Size of population
2. Density
3. Heterogeneity of population

“Definition :- Urbanism is a distinctively urban mode of life that

is developed in the cities but not confused there”-
David and Lynn
Characteristics of Urban Society
1. Dense settlement pattern (density, house...)
2. Palatial house (brick, stone, marble)
3. Urban facilities (road, water, internet...)
4. Formal social interaction
5. Formal group life (need and common interest)
6. Division of labor
7. Social change
8. Social institutions and social organizations
9. Anonymity (pop. Pressure, fast life, social
differentiation, crime and violence)
10. High standard living
Features of urban development in developing countries
Four major features of UD in developing countries:
1. The continuing growth of megacities associated c’ the process of
urban decline, poverty, deprivation (depriving), and environmental
deterioration.
2. Sectorial, macroeconomic, and pricing policies of governments that
have reinforced the concentration of population in major cities and
destroyed the terms of trade between urban and rural areas.
3. Lack of focus on the development of small towns and on
strengthening the complementarity to the rural and urban
development.
4. The lack of decentralization and devolution (delegation).
Others :-
1. Lack of Institutional capability for urban management and planning.
 Weak local government
2. A poor situation in non-farm Employment.
3. Low level of urban infrastructure
4. Lack of deliberate urbanization policy
 Major constraints of UD
1. Institutional mechanism
2. Industrial dev. Strategy and mechanism
3. Lack of focus on urban employment generation
4. No present strategy deals with urban
environmental problems
 Future of UD in developing countries
1. The continuing growth of megacities associated c’
urban poverty and environmental determination.
2. Concentration of population in major cities because
of sectorial, macro-economic and pricing policies of
government.
3. Lack of focus on the development of towns.
4. Lack of focus on the Urban employment generation.
5. Lack of institutional capability for urban management
and planning.
6. A poor situation in non-farm employment.
7. Lack of proper deliberate urbanization policy.
8. Lack of Financial resources
9. Lack of proper utilization of latest technology.
10. Lack of proper legal system.
11. UD is subjected to broad political decision
rather than the logical process of development.
12. Lack of proper will and insight
13. Lack of proper urban industrial development
strategy.
14. Ineffective Urban government:
• Dependency on central government.
• Technically weak
• Insufficient organizational structure
• Dearth of qualified man-power
• Poor financial system
 Determinants of Urbanization
1. Population :- size, density, distribution,
composition.
2. Organization :- political system, division of
labor, system of social stratification, family,
religious, economy.
3. Environment :- topology, climate, social
character.
4. Technology :- knowledge, skills, culture,
innovation.
 Factor affecting on Urbanization in
developing countries
1. Rural urban migration :- push, pull factors
2. Site and situation :- security, topology,
facilities
3. Factor related to spatial concentration :-
economics, ecology, favorable condition,
industrialization, transportation,
communication.
4. Government policy :- e.g. Brazil and Nigeria
5. Political and administrative factors
Component of Rural urban linkage

• physical linkage :-road,railway, seaport ,airport

• Economical linkage:-market,excess of
resources,financial
institution,cooperative,Raw
materials,labours,technology,
• socio-cultural linkage:-marriage,festival,
relationship, sports,recration & entertainment
• technological linkage:-
Radio,television,phone,irrigation
cannel,drinking water,energy & electricity,
 cont...
• financial linkage:-Bank,capital,create industrial
environment,ppp, saving and credit,utilization of
rural resources
• political linkage:- party head quater, political
practice,structure,power exercise,inter authority
• Administrative & organizatonal linkage:-trinkle down
system, centre in cities, branches in rural areas, local
unit ,NGOs/INGOS
• service delivery linkage:-
government,private,INGOs/INGOs,health,educ
ation,law,technology etc.
cont........
 Different between Urban & Rural

• Population & density

• Occupation
• Physical structure / infrastructure
development
• Geographical topology
• Farfrom city(remote or far remote)/ urban
• Settlement (,seperate houses or more
houses)
• Envirnoment
 CONT............

• Society (Homogenous & Heterogenous)

• culture (traditional,culcural & modern
eastern)
• Economy (Ag, & gainful employee
opportunity,Trade commerce)
• Rural narural strong (phisical fitness)