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ë The history of anthropology goes back to the
period of discoveries and explorations (15th-
18th centuries).
ë In the 19th century, anthropology began to
take shape as a separate field of study.
ë Edward Taylor was the first professor of
Anthropology in Oxford, England.
ë In the United States, it was Franz Boas of
Clark University, Massachusetts.

  
 
ë Modern anthropology started only around 20th
century.
ë The early anthropologists were mostly
armchair theorists. Their dominant theme was
the evolutionary view of humanity and human
behavior.
ë Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber made a
higher level of research through the use of
careful and thorough gathering of data about
individual cultures.

   
ë Anthropology began as a practical activity of
colonizers in the service of religion and
government.
ë In the 19th century, archeological explorations
were made by a Frenchman, Alfred Marche,
who did some diggings in Marinduque.
ë It was followed by Jose Rizal and Trinidad
Pardo de Tavera.

   
ë uring the American period, field studies
were made on a number of hill peoples by
American anthropologists.
ë The Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes was
established; it was later replaced by the
Ethnological Survey of the Philippines.
ë It was elevated to an academic discipline in
the University of the Philippines in 1914 by H.
Otley Beyer. It was merged with Sociology in
1921.

   
ë Sociology has its roots in Europe, particularly
France at the time of the French Revolution
around the middle of 19th century.
ë It is considered as one of the youngest of the
social sciences.
ë August Comte believed that the methods and
techniques of the natural sciences could be
applied to the study of society.
ë He coined the term µsociology¶ to refer to the
new science.

   
ë urkheim laid the foundation for modern
sociology by using empirical investigation in
the study of suicide in France, the division of
labor in the society, and the elementary forms
of religious life.
ë He is regarded as the µFather of modern
Sociology¶
   
ë Sociology was introduced by Fr. Valentin
Marin as a subject in 1896 at the University of
Sto. Tomas.
ë It was initiated in the University of the
Philippines in 1911 by Pres. Murray Bartlett
and A.E.W. Salt.
ë Siliman University was also one of the first to
include Sociology in its curriculum.
    
ë A French utopian socilist

ë Wrote his ideas on the

science of society based on
the assumption that the law of
human behavior could be
determined in the same
manner that the law of nature
had been arrived at by
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ë A French philosopher
ë Advocated the idea of
µpositivism¶ or the use of
empirical investigation to
understand society and social
phenomena.
ë He coined the word µsociology¶
and is considered as the
Father of Sociology.
„

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(17 January 1798 ± 5 September
1857)
    
ë British philosopher-scientist
ë Argued that human societies
go through an evolutionary
process and who coined the
concept µsurvival of the fittest¶.
ë His theory of social evolution
espoused the idea that
societies develop from relative
homogeneity and simplicity to
heterogeneity and complexity.
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ë A German philosopher
ë Believed that the misery and
exploitation of the working
lower classes in society was
caused by capitalism.
ë He reiterated that conflict and
political revolution are
inevitable to overthrow
capitalism and to improve the
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ë He said that economic inequality has resulted
in class struggles between the µbourgeoisie¶ ±
the owners and rulers of the means of
production- and the µproletariat¶, the industrial
workers
    
ë A French sociologist
ë Focused on the characteristics
of social groups, particularly
the cohesion and non-
cohesion of religious groups.
ë He believed that acts of
deviance awaken people to
their shared moral bonds and
unite them in condemnation of
the deviant.
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ë A German economist-lawyer
ë Works dwelt on the
significance of subjective
meanings people give to their
interactions with others.
ë Pointed out the importance of
µverstehen¶ ± an emphatic
understanding of what people
are thinking and feeling or the
people¶s subjective
&# "#,#—
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ë An American ethnologist,
sociologist and writer
ë is best known for his work on
cultural evolution and Native
Americans
ë Technological factors in social
evolution, stages of cultural
advance, savagery, barbarism
and civilization

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ë was one of the first
generation of German
sociologists
ë His studies pioneered the
concept of social structure,
and he was a key precursor
of social network analysis.
ë His most famous works
today are "The Philosophy
of Money", "The Stranger",
"The Web of Group
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Affiliation", and "The
 '  '! Metropolis and Mental Life".
    
ë A German sociologist

ë He is best known for his

distinction between two types
of social groups ²
Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft.

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ë was a 19th century polymath
best remembered for his
contributions to the
development of ethnography
and the development of
anthropology as a discipline.

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ë An English anthropologist

ë considered representative of
cultural evolutionism. In his
works ^


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  , he defined
the context of scientific
study of anthropology,
based on the evolutionary
theories of Charles arwin.
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ë He reintroduced the term O

 (the faith in
the individual soul or O
O of all things, and
natural manifestations) into common use.

ë He considered animism as the first phase of

development of religions.
   
 
ë was one of the most influential
figures in American anthropology
in the first half of the twentieth
century
ë Although he is known primarily as
a cultural anthropologist, he did
significant work in archaeology,
and he contributed to anthropology
by making connections between
archaeology and culture.
ë He conducted excavations in New
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 Mexico, Mexico, and Peru.
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ë was a German-American
anthropologist and a pioneer
of modern anthropology who
has been called the "Father
of American Anthropology³

ë He established cultural
relativism.

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ë founded modern American anthropology with the
establishment of the first graduate program in
anthropology at Columbia University in 1896.
ë At the time the dominant model of culture was that of
cultural evolution, which posited that human societies
progressed through stages of savagery to barbarism
to civilization; thus, societies that for example are
based on horticulture and Iroquois kinship
terminology are less evolved that societies based on
agriculture and Eskimo kinship terminology.
ë One of Boas's greatest accomplishments was to
demonstrate convincingly that this model is
fundamentally flawed, empirically, methodologically,
and theoretically.
   
 
ë An American anthropologist

ë Influenced by Boas¶s works

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ë was an American cultural
anthropologist, who was
frequently a featured writer and
speaker in the mass media
throughout the 1960s and 1970s
ë Her reports about the
purportedly healthy attitude
towards sex in South Pacific and
Southeast Asian traditional
cultures amply informed the
1960s sexual revolution.
ë Mead was a champion of

 broadened sexual mores within
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a context of traditional western
religious life.