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Temperate and Tropical

Crops
By :
Dien Novita Savitri (614423)
Tropical and Temperate Crop
Peanut
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. )
is a tropical plant which is
originated in South America.
Stage Stage Title
Growth Stage of Peanut
Vegetative Stage
VE Emergence
V1 First tetrafoliolate
Reproductive Stages
R1 Beginning bloom
R2 Beginning peg
R3 Beginning pod
R4 Full pod
R5 Beginning seed
R6 Full seed
R7 Beginning maturity
R8 Harvest maturity
R9 Over-mature pod

Table 1 Growth stage description of peanut (Boote,1982)


VE -Vegetative Emergence

Peanut seed germinates best at soil


temperatures of 20–35°C. Emergence through
the soil, known as ‘cracking’, begins six to
fourteen days after planting. In this stage the
suitable temperature ranging from 18 °C to 30
°C. Planting must be done on moist warm soils
with pH 5,5 to 7 with sowing depth: 5 cm.
V1
First tetrafoliolate
Vegetative stage V1 is
defined as one developed
node with one tetrafoliolate
leaf unfolded and its leaflets
flat.
R1 -Beginning blom
Reproductive stage R1, beginning
bloom, is defined as the date when 50% of
the plants have or have had one open
flower. Groundnut cultivars typically flower
(R1) about 25 to 30 days after sowing. A
favourable temperature for flowering and
pod formation is about 28 °C.
Weed management and well irrigation
is necessary. Adding 200-400 kg/ha of
gypsum will reduce the incidence of empty
pods
Source : UGA Extension
R2 -Beginning peg
The ‘peg’, or ‘strings’, can be seen
about a week after pollination. The pegs
hang down from the stems and continue
to grow until they have penetrated the
soil. Pegs may be from 2–15 cm long.
Pegs enter the soil 8–12 days after
pollination. In this stage moist soil is
needed to make peg easier to penetrate
the soil. Weed management is necessary.

Source : UGA Extension


R3 -Beginning Pod
Stage R3, beginning pod, is defined as the
date when 50% of the plants have an elongated
peg with ovary tip beginning to swell to at least
twice the peg diameter. R3 occurred 7 and 9
days after R2 for start. This stage from
beginning until it full happend for 30 days.
Critical stage for irrigation. Applying N for
20–30 kg/ha.

Source : UGA Extension


R4 -Full pod
The R4 reproductive stage, full pod,
employs the characteristic fruit size of the
cultivar and is attained when 50% of the
plants have a fully-expanded fruit. At this
stage, vegetative growth rate remains at its
maximum, but the plant is just beginning
to add significant pod numbers and
weight.
Source : UGA Extension
R5 -Beginning seed
The R5 stage, beginning seed, follows
shortly after the R4 stage. The best way to
observe this stage is to cut the fruits in cross
section. R5 is defined arbitrarily when 50% of
the plants have at least one fruit in which the
seed cotyledons are sufficiently grown that they
show easily visible cotyledon sections when cut
with a sharp knife. Adding Calcium fertilizer is
good this stage.
Source : UGA Extension
R6 -Full seed
The R6 stage, full seed, occurred at 67 and
74 days after planting. This stage is somewhat
more subjective than others, requiring half the
plants to have a fruit with seed appearing to fill
the pod cavity when fresh. The fresh, spongy
endocarp that typically fills up the remaining
pod volume should appear to be gone or
comprise a small cottony layer inside the pod
wall. Irrigation is necessary.
Source : UGA Extension
R7 -Beginning maturity
Stage R7, beginning maturity, occurs
when 50% of the plants have at least one
pod which has exhibited inner pericarp
coloration (IPC). Although R7 is defined
as “beginning maturity”, the crop as a
whole is really in the middle of its active
seed fill phase at that time.

Source : UGA Extension


R8 -Harvest maturity
Harvest maturity, is defined as the date
when 70 to 75% of the fruits demonstrate inner
pericarp coloration or testa color change. Crops
may take 110–170 days (16–24 weeks) to reach
harvest maturity. Temperature largely controls
the time to harvest. Decreasing water use as the
crop matures
Source : Boote (1982)
R9 -Over-mature pod
The concept of an overmature stage,
R9, was a fortunate happenstance of poor
late season leafspot control, which caused an
earlier than normal weakening of pegs and
loss of pods. The development of brownish
color in the seed coat has been previously
associated with overmature pods

Source : Boote (1982)


Source
K. J. Boote (1982) Growth Stages of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut
Science: January 1982, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 35-40.
PVV Prasad, VG Kakani, HD Upadhyaya (2010) Growth and Production of
groundnut. UNESCO Encyclopedia pp. 1-26
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Alfalfa is thought to
have originated in southwestern
Asia with Iran as the geographic
center of origin
Growth and development stages
Based on K-State University extension, alfalfa growth and development distinguished in 9 stages, there
are:
1. Germination and emergence
2. Seedling growth and establishment
3. First trifoliate leaf and buds
4. Contractile growth and crown development
5. Root development and nitrogen fixation
6. Winter hardening and winter survival
7. Spring green-up
8. Vegetative stage
9. Reproductive stage
Germination and Emergence
Alfalfa germinate at temperature greater than
37°F but the optimum temperature is between
65 and 77°F. Warmer soil increase the
germination rate. Alfalfa seeds begin to
germinate after absorbing 125% of their weight.
Germination begins with radicle emerging and
anchoring young root in the soil. Plant not
deeper than ½ inch. Avoid planting outside.
Seedling growth and establihsment
This is the period between emergence
and first harvest. The epycotil produces the
first leaf (single leaflet), meristematic region
of epicotyl continues to grow adding
trifoliate leaves of multifolioliate leaves.
Optimum temperature in earling seedling is
68 to 85 °F, as the seedling continues cooler
temperature is ideal (60 to 75 °F).
Seedling growth and establishment
Management
Minimaze risk of seedling disease, soil moisture
is necessary for nutrient absorption but excessive
soil moisture can stop root growth. Beside of that
wet soil can lead to several fungal diseases. Weeding
or weed control in the first 60 days to prevent stand
loss.
First trifoliate leaf and buds
The second leaf to appear has three leaflets and
is called a trifoliate. As the primary shoot develops
into a mature plant, it produces alternately arranged
trifoliates. Ensure the soil pH more than 6.5.
Two-leaf stage
Five-leaf stage
Contractile growth and crown development

This stage between one week after emergence


and usually complete within 16 weeks. Contractile
growth pulls the axillary buds below the soil and
forms the frown (area between the soil surface and
the cotyledonary nodes). Avoid seeding after the
recomended late-summer planting dates.
Root development and
N2 fixation
Within 4 weeks after germination, root hairs
on the radicle become infected with nitrogen-
fixing bacteria, Rhizobium meliloti and begin to
form nodule. In this stage neutral soil pH (above
6.5) is required. Beside of that adequate
moisture are two of the most important
environmental conditions. Not waterlogged.

Nitrogen Fixing
Winter hardening and winter survival
Shorter days and a minimum of 2 weeks
of near-freezing temperatures are needed for
dormant alfalfa to cold harden. Some starch in
the crown and root will be converted into
sugars that function as antifreeze and help the
crown, crown buds, and root in the winter at
temperature below 32 °F. Crown bud which
willl be the source of growth in spring are
formed during the fall.
Spring green up

Spring green up ideally comes from rown buds


formed the previous year during late summer and
fall.green-up occur when the buds located on the
crown begin to grow in response to warn spring
temperature. Adding fertilizer is important to get
good quality yield. Pay attention to the pest around
it may eat the bud of alfalfa plant and make it not
grow.
Vegetative Stage
The three vegetative stages are distinguished by stem length
• Stage 0: Early vegetative Stem length less than 6 inches. No buds, flowers, or
seedpods are visible. A tiny axillary bud is present in the junction between the main
stem and a leaf or branch.
• Stage 1: Mid-vegetative Stem length ranges from 6 to 12 inches. No buds, flowers,
or seedpods are visible. Axillary branch formation begins with the appearance of
one or two leaves in the axil, mostly concentrated in the mid-portion of the stem.
• Stage 2: Late vegetative Stem length greater than 12 inches. Buds may be felt by
touch at the growing apex but are not visible, nor are flowers or seedpods.
Elongating branches can be seen in the axils of the leaves.
Flower bud development
Stage 3
Early bud, one to two nodes have visible buds. No flowers or seedpods are
visible. Closely spaced nodes in the stem tip give flower buds a clustered
appearance.
Stage 4
Late bud, the alfalfa plant has more than three nodes with visible buds. No
flowers or seedpods are visible. This is generally considered to be the optimum
stage to harvest high-quality alfalfa.
Flowering
Stage 5: Early flower
The alfalfa plant has one node with one open flower. No seedpods are
visible. Flowering usually begins near the apex of the stem while buds are still
developing rapidly above and below the point of initial flower opening. This is
also a commonly recommended stage to harvest alfalfa.
Stage 6: Late flower
The alfalfa plant has more than two nodes with open flowers. No seedpods
are visible.
Seed production
Stage 7: Early seedpod
The alfalfa plant has one to three nodes with green, spiral-shaped seedpods. Pods first
appear from the midportion to the base of the main stem while upper nodes are still flowering.
Stage 8: Late seedpod
The alfalfa plant has more than four nodes with green seedpods. The old stems are highly
branched, many leaves have fallen off the plant, and the remaining ones are mostly senescing.
Stage 9: Ripe seedpod
Nodes have mostly brown, mature seedpods. Most of the leaves have been lost at this
stage, and the stem is thick and fibrous. Harvest alfalfa grown for seed production at this stage.
When to cut

The optimum time to


maximize both yield and
quality is late bud to 10
percent bloom, depending on
the nutrient requirement of
livestock species.
Growth after harvest
Regrowth after harvest is primarily from
crown buds but may also come from
axillary buds if cutting is high. Ideal cutting
height is at least 2 inches above the soil.
Irrigation in 14 days after harvest must be
well controled. Suitable temeprature for
regrowth is 85 to 90F
Sources
Dan U, Amrvin H, Paul V et al (2011) Alfalfa germination and growth. NAFA
and UW Extension pp 1-18
Shannon C, Larry R (2007) Alfalfa growth and development. University of
California. ANR publication 8289
Romulo P, Doohong M (2017). Alfalfa growth and development. K-State
University : June 2017

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