Citations & Referencing

Overview

 Part 1 - The need to avoid

academic dishonesty.
 Part 2 - The meaning of the
terms “citations”, “reference
list” and “referencing styles”
 Part 3 - The common APA
styles for citations and
referencing.

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Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty

“the theft or stealing of ideas

and other forms of intellectual
property” (Sandy, 1999, p. 75).

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 Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty

Plagiarism Fabrication Cheating

The adoption or The falsification of Any attempt to give or
reproduction of data, information, or obtain assistance in a
original creations of citations (Simmons, formal academic exercise
another author 1999). Creating false such as exam or “hiring”
without facts or citations to others to complete your
acknowledgment create “artificial assignments (Simmons,
(Simmons, 1999). acknowledgement”. 1999).
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 You Try!
Which statement is considered as plagiarised?
Original: “Many people who read the word yawn or
yawning will feel the urge to yawn” (Simon, 2002, p.5).
1. Many people who read the word yawn or yawning will
feel the urge to yawn.
2. According to Simon (2002), many people who read the
word yawn or yawning will feel the urge to yawn.
3. Researchers have found that by merely reading the
word yawn and yawning, a person would have the
desire to replicate the action.
4. According to Simon (2002), a person would have the
desire to perform the act of yawning by just reading
the word yawn or yawning.
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Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty
How to avoid plagiarism? #1

(Image taken from MercedesBenz)

MENTALITY
Don’t even think of copying other’s work. Set in your
mind that you need to acknowledge things/info/ideas
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Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty
How to avoid plagiarism? #2

CITATION & REFERENCING

Learn and master the correct citation and referencing
styles. If unsure, consult the lecturers or make use of
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Part 2 - The Terms: Which is which…

 It is very important to make sure you are

clear of the following terms:
o Citations
o Reference List
o Referencing Styles

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Part 2 - Citations

 Citations are used to acknowledge an

external source in your text
(essays/articles). – (to tell readers it is
not your ideas)
o “Quotations” – short and long.
o Paraphrase

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Part 2 - Quotations

 Example:

“Any man who can drive safely while

kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving
the kiss the attention it deserves.”

Albert Einstein in 1945

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Part 2 - Quotations

 Short quotation – Einstein (1945) stated that a

person “who can drive safely while kissing a
pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the
attention it deserves” (p. 15).

When short quotation is used (below 40 words), ensure

that you use quotation marks “…”, and also the page
number of the source. You are not encouraged
to quote from sources without page number.

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Part 2 - Quotations

 Long quotation – Kastoryano (2000) stated that

engaging in transnational practices may result in:
an institutional expression of multiple belonging,
where the country of origin becomes a source of
identity, the country of residence a source of rights,
and the emerging transnational space, a space of
political action combining the two or more countries.
(p. 311)

When long quotation is used, there are NO quotation

Marks. Begin the quotation on a new line from the text.
The full stop comes before the page number.
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Part 2 - Citation for Paraphrase

 Two ways
oAuthor-Focus (author, year stated first)
Adams (2012) stated that Malaysians love to
sleep in class.

oInfo-Focus (author, year stated later)

Malaysian students love to sleep in class
(Adams, 2012).
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Part 2 - Reference List

 A list of all the sources that have been

mentioned or cited in your text.
 Appears at the end of your essay/
assignment.
 Warning: Only the sources that you used
are included in the list. E.g. If you cite
Mary, then Mary should appear in your
reference list.

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Part 2 - Reference List

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Part 2 - What is Referencing Style?

 A set of standardised styles prepared by

an organisation.
 There are many styles worldwide:
 APA Style (American Psychological Association)
 In this course,
Harvard Referencing Style we will use
APA Style 6 th Edition
 MLA Style (Modern Language Association)
 Chicago Style
 IEEE Style

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APA Style – The Common “Rules”

It is important to remember that:

 APA follows the Author, Year format either
Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)
 Only author’s lastname or surname is used. For
Malay names, full name/first name can be used.
 In the reference list, the cited sources are listed
in alphabetical order (From A to Z).

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APA Style – The Common “Rules”

APA Citations – Choosing the name (Always use

the surname/lastname)
 David J. Beckham (2010) = Beckham (2010)
 Chuah Kee-Man (2009) = Chuah (2009)
 Jimmy Choo Kim Yong (2012) = Choo (2012)
 Nigel de Jong (2009) = de Jong (2009)
 Asmah bt. Omar (2012)
= Omar (2012) OR Asmah Omar (2012)
 Nesamalar a/p Chitravelu (1995)
= Nesamalar (1995) OR Chitravelu (1995)
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APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 1 Author
Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)
 2 Authors
Ali and Abu (2012) or (Ali & Abu, 2012)
 3 to 5 Authors
1st time = list all. Adams, Ali, and Abu (2010) OR
» (Adams, Ali, & Abu, 2010).

2nd time onwards = use et al. Adams et al. (2010) OR

» (Adams et al., 2010)
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APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 Example of 3-5 authors citations
According to Ali, Abu and Atan (2011), UNIMAS
undergraduates are blessed with several state of the
art facilities which are not available in other public
universities. The sports complex for example, is
among the best in Southest Asia. Ali et al. (2011),
however, suggested that the facilities are maximised
for the grooming of world-class graduates.

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APA Style – Citations

APA Style for Citations

 6 or more
Use et al. immediately.
Adams, Ali, Abu, Atan, Aming, Amee (2012)
= Adams et al. (2012) or (Adams et al., 2012)

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 Sleepy yet? 

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APA Style – Referencing

APA Style for Referencing (Reference list)

 Different style for different sources. The ones that
you need to master are: books, journal articles and
websites.
 Always remember that you MUST make sure that the
information (e.g. publishers, place, etc) needed for
referencing is obtained from the original source and
not fake.

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APA Style – Referencing

Books
Lastname, F. (Year). Full title of the book. Place:
Publisher.
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK: Mitchell
Beazley.

Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (Year). Title of the book.

Place: Publisher.
Adams, M., & Kelvin, C. (2001). How to be a millionaire.
Mason, OH: O’rielly Media.
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APA Style – Referencing

Books
3 to 7 authors –List all the names accordingly.
Adams, M., Simon, K., Jelly, B., & Kevin, A. (2001).
How to get rich faster. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
MPH Publishing.

More than 7 authors - List the first six authors, … and

the last author – No “&”
Miller, F., Choi, M., Angeli, L., Harland, A., Stamos, J.
A., Thomas, S., . . . Rubin, L. (2009). The simple
way to heaven. New York: Thomson Learning.
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APA Style – Referencing

Journal Article
Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the
journal, Volume(Number), pages.
Mickey, K. (2010). Become a good student. Journal of
Education, 13(2), 29-82.
Zimmer, M., & Kim, B. (2012). Thinking without
thinking. Journal of Psychology, 113(3), 134-182

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APA Style – Referencing

Web Pages
(when no date of publication is given, the retrieved date is
needed)
Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from
http://www.website.com.
Kevin, M. (2010). The world is flat. Retrieved from
http://www.psychology.com/worldisflat.html.
Lastname, F. (n.d.). Title of the webpage. Retrieved DATE
from http://www.website.com.
Kevin, M. (n.d.). The world is flat. Retrieved September
13, 2012 from http://www.psychology.com/
worldisflat.html.
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