Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5/26/2018 1
Overview
5/26/2018 2
Overview
5/26/2018 3
Types of AQ Models
Meteorological
Model
Emission Chemical
Model Model
Temporal and spatial emission rates
Topography
Chemical Transformation
Pollutant Transport
Equilibrium between Particles and gases
Vertical Mixing
Source
Receptor
Dispersion
Model
Model
5/26/2018 4
• Emission Model
– Estimates temporal and spatial emission rates
based on activity level, emission rate per unit of
activity and meteorology
• Meteorological Model
– Describes transport, dispersion, vertical mixing
and moisture in time and space
• Chemical Model
– Describes transformation of directly emitted
particles and gases to secondary particles and
gases; also estimates the equilibrium between gas
and particles for volatile species
5/26/2018 5
• Source Dispersion Model
– Uses the outputs from the previous models to
estimate concentrations measured at receptors;
includes mathematical simulations of transport,
dispersion, vertical mixing, deposition and chemical
models to represent transformation.
• Receptor Model
– Infers contributions from different primary source
emissions or precursors from multivariate
measurements taken at one ore more receptor sites.
5/26/2018 6
Classifications of AQ Models
• Developed for a number of pollutant types
and time periods
– Short-term models – for a few hours to a few
days; worst case episode conditions
– Long-term models – to predict seasonal or annual
average concentrations; health effects due to
exposure
• Classified by
– Non-reactive models – pollutants such as SO2 and
CO
– Reactive models – pollutants such as O3, NO2, etc.
5/26/2018 7
AQ Models
• Classified by coordinate system used
– Grid-based
• Region divided into an array of cells
• Used to determine compliance with NAAQS
– Trajectory
• Follow plume as it moves downwind
• Classified by level of sophistication
– Screening: simple estimation use preset, worst-
case meteorological conditions to provide
conservative estimates.
– Refined: more detailed treatment of physical and
chemical atmospheric processes; require more
detailed and precise input data.
5/26/2018 8
Fixed-Box Models
• The city of interest is assumed to be rectangular.
• The goal is to compute the air pollutant concentration in this
city using the general material balance equation.
Fig. 6.1 De
Nevers
9
Fixed-Box Models
Assumptions:
1. Rectangular city. W and L are the dimensions, with one side
parallel to the wind direction.
• To find the worst case, you will need to know the wind speed,
wind direction, mixing height, and upwind (background)
concentration that corresponds to this worst case. 13
Example 6.1
A city has the following description: W = 5 km, L = 15 km, u
= 3 m/s, H = 1000 m. The upwind, or background,
concentration of CO is b = 5 μg/m3. The emission rate per
unit are is q = 4 x 10-6 g/s.m2. what is the concentration c
of CO over the city?
qL
c b
uH
g
4 10
6
2
15000 m
5 μg s.m
c 3
m 3 m/s 1000 m
= 25 μg/m3
14
Comments on the simple fixed-box model
15
Modifications to improve the fixed-box model
1) Hanna (1971) suggested a modification that allows one to
divide the city into subareas and apply a different value of q to
each. (since variation of q from place to place can be
obtained; q is low in suburbs and much higher in industrial
areas).
17
Example 6.2
18
Note that L is now
…example 6.2 cont. 5km, not 15km
g
4 10
6
2
5000 m
5 μg s.m
For u = 6 m/s and H = 1000 m → c
m3 6 m/s 1000 m
g
c 8.33 3
m
19
Gaussian Dispersion Models
• Most widely used , Lakes Environnemental
Software: http://www.weblakes.com
20
Z X
u Y
Fig 7.11
Model Assumptions
• Gaussian dispersion modeling based on a number of
assumptions including
– Steady-state conditions (constant source emission
strength)
– Wind speed, direction and diffusion characteristics
of the plume are constant.
– Conservation of mass, i.e. no chemical
transformations take place
– Wind speeds are >1 m/sec.
– Limited to predicting concentrations > 50 m
downwind
5/26/2018 22
The general equation to calculate the steady state concentration of an air
contaminant in the ambient air resulting from a point source is given by:
1 y 2 z H 2
C x, y , z
Q
exp 2
2 y z u
y 2
2 z
Where;
c(x,y,z) = mean concentration of diffusing substance at a point (x,y,z) [kg/m3]
x = downwind distance [m],
y = crosswind distance [m],
z = vertical distance above ground [m],
Q = contaminant emission rate [mass/s],
y = lateral dispersion coefficient function [m],
z = vertical dispersion coefficient function [m],
ῡ = mean wind velocity in downwind direction [m/s],
H = effective stack height [m].
5/26/2018 23
What are the A to F categories?
• A to F are levels of atmospheric stability (table 6.1).
• Explanation:
– For a clear & hot summer morning with low wind speed, the sun heats
the ground and the ground heats the air near it. Therefore air rises and
mixes pollutants well.
►► Unstable atmosphere and large σy & σz values
2) Diffusion Models 24
Stability Classes
Fig 7.12
5/26/2018 26
Dispersion Coefficients: Vertical
Fig 7.13
5/26/2018 27
Gaussian Dispersion Equation
Plume Rise
• H is the sum of the physical stack height and
plume rise.
H h plume rise hactual stack
5/26/2018 28
Plume Rise
h
Vs D
1.5 2.68 10 PD
3 Ts Ta
u Ts
Δh = plum rise in m
This equation is only correct for the Vs = stack exit velocity in m/s
D = stack diameter in m
dimensions shown.
u = wind speed in m/s
P = pressure in millibars
Ts = stack gas temperature in K
Ta = atmospheric temperate in K
2) Diffusion Models 29
Example 6.3
5/26/2018 30
… solution of example 6.4
Q y2 ( z H ) 2
c exp 2
2 u y z 2 y 2 z
2
a) At the centerline
y 0, z - H 0 e 0 1
Q 20 (g/s)
c .00177 g/m 3 1770 g/m 3
2u y z 2 (3 m/s)(30 m)(20 m)
b) At a point 60m to the side and 20 m below the CL
y 60 m, z - H - 20 m
20 (g/s) 60 2 (20) 2
c exp
2 (3 m/s)(30 m)(20 m) 2(30 ) 2
2( 20) 2
(1770 g/m 3 )(0.0818) 145 g/m 3
5/26/2018 31
Chemical Mass Balance Model
• A receptor model for assessing source apportionment using
ambient data and source profile data.
• Available at EPA Support Center for Regulatory Air Models -
http://www.epa.gov/scram001/tt23.htm
PM10 emissions from permitted sources in
Alachua County (tons) (ACQ,2002)
2000 Values
1. GRU Deerhaven 144.2
2. Florida Rock cement plant 34.35
9
3. Florida Power UF cogen. plant 3.19
11 10 1997 Values
4. VA Medical Center incinerator 0.2
1 8 5. UF Vet. School incinerator 0.2
14 13
2 6 6. GRU Kelly 1.9
7. Bear Archery 9.5
3,4,5,12
8. VE Whitehurst asphalt plant 4.9
7 9. White Construction asphalt plant 0.7
10. Hipp Construction asphalt plant 0.3
11. Driltech equipment manufacturing 0.2
Receptor Sites
12. University of Florida
13. Gainesville Regional Airport
5/26/2018 14. Gainesville Regional Utilities (MillHopper)
32
Principles
• Mass at a receptor site is a linear combination of the
mass contributed from each of a number of individual
sources;
• Mass and chemical compositions of source emissions
are conserved from the time of emission to the time the
sample is taken.
Cij = Σ(aik×Skj)
• Cij is the concentration of species ith in the sample jth
measured at the receptor site:
• aik is the mass fraction of the species in the emission from
source kth, and
• Skj is the total mass contribution from source kth in the jth
sample at the receptor site.
5/26/2018 33
Example
• Total Pb concentration (ng/m3) measured at the site: a linear
sum of contributions from independent source types such as
motor vehicles, incinerators, smelters, etc
PbT = Pbauto + Pb incin. + Pbsmelter +…
• Next consider further the concentration of airborne lead
contributed by a specific source. For example, from
automobiles in ng/m3, Pbauto, is the product of two cofactors:
the mass fraction (ng/mg) of lead in automotive particulate
emissions, aPb, auto, and the total mass concentration (mg/m3)
of automotive emission to the atmosphere, Sauto
• Pbauto = aauto (ng/mg) × Sauto (mg/m3air)
5/26/2018 34
Assumptions
• Composition of source emissions is constant over
period of time,
• Chemicals do not react with each other,
• All sources have been identified and have had their
emission characterized, including linearly independent
of each other,
• The number of source category (j) is less than or equal
to the number of chemical species (i) for a unique
solution to these equations, and
• The measurement uncertainties are random,
uncorrelated, and normally distributed (EPA, 1990).
5/26/2018 35