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Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load
e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures
A B
P1
C D
P2
E F
Interaction Formulas for Combined Forces
iQi iQi
1.0
Rn LS 1 Rn LS 2
Basis for Interaction Formulas
Pu M ux M uy
1.0
c Pn b M nx b M ny
AISC Curve
Pr 8 M rx M ry P
1.0 for r 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry P
1.0 for r 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
r = required strength
c = available strength
Pr 8 M rx M ry P
1.0 for r 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry P
1.0 for r 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
REQUIRED CAPACITY
Pr Pc
Mrx Mcx
Mry Mcy
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Axial Capacity Pc
Pn Fcr Ag
QFy
KL E
0.658 F e
QFy if 4.71
r QFy
Fcr or Fe 0.44QFy
0.877 Fe otherwise
Axial Capacity Pc
2 EA 2 EA 2 EA
Pcr Pcr
2L
r
2
0.5L
r
2
Pcr
0.7 L
2
r
Effective Length of Columns
Ic Lc
Ig Lg Ig Lg Assumptions
A • All columns under
Ic Lc consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously
B
• All joints are rigid
• All members have constant A
GA
I c Lc
GB
I c Lc
I g Lg Ig Lg
Effective Length of Columns
Connections to foundations
(a) Hinge
G is infinite - Use G=10
(b) Fixed
G=0 - Use G=1.0
Axial Capacity Pc
LRFD
Pc c Pn
ASD
Pn
Pc
c
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
M p for Lb Lp
Lb Lp
M n Cb M p M p M r M p for Lp Lb Lr
Lr Lp
F S M for L L
cr x p r b
M r 0.7 Fy S x
2
Cb E2
Jc Lb
Fcr 1 0.078
Lb rts 2
S x ho rts
M p for p
p
M n M p M p M r M p for p r
r p
F S M for
cr x p r
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
LRFD ASD
M c b M n Mn
Mc
b
b 0.90 b 1.67
Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Axial Demand Pr
LRFD ASD
Pr Pu Pr Pa
factored service
Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification
P P
ymax @ x=L/2 = d
Consider
P P
D
H H
Mmax = Mo PD
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification
AISC Permits
or
x
yo e sin
L
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Moment Curvature x
yo e sin
d2y M L
2
dx EI
P
M P yo y M
d2y P x
e sin y
dx 2
EI L
d2y P Pe x
2
y sin 2nd order nonhomogeneous DE
dx EI EI L
Derivation of Moment Amplification
d2y P Pe x
2
y sin
dx EI EI L
Boundary Conditions
@x 0 y0
@x L y0
Solution
x
y B sin
L
Derivation of Moment Amplification
x
Substitute y B sin in DE
L
2 x
P x Pe x
2 B sin B sin sin
L L EI L EI L
Solve for B
Pe
e e
EI e
B 2
P 2
EI EI
2
Pe
2 1 2 2
1 1
EI L PL PL P
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Deflected Shape
x e x
y B sin sin
L Pe P 1 L
1 x 1
P P 1 e sin L P P 1 yo
e e
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Moment
x x
M P yo y P e sin
e
sin
L Pe P 1 L
x 1
P e sin
L 1 P P
e
Mo(x) Amplification
Factor
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
M P yo y
1
Mo
1 Pe P
Braced Frames
Braced Frames
Cm
B1 1
1 aPr Pe1
AISC Equation C2 - 2
Pr Pnt B2 Plt
Braced Frames
Cm
B1 1
1 aPr Pe1
AISC Equation C2 - 2
a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD
2 EI
Pe1
K1L
2
Braced Frames
M1
Cm 0.6 0.4 AISC C2 - 4
M2
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment
Braced Frames
aPr
Cm 1 AISC Commentary C2 - 2
Pe1
2d o EI
2
-1
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1
COSERVATIVELY Cm= 1
Unbraced Frames
1
B2 1
a Pnt a = 1.00 for LRFD
1 = 1.60 for ASD
Pe2
P nt
= sum of required load capacities for all columns in
the story under consideration
P e2
= sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the
story under consideration
Unbraced Frames
P
2 EI
P Rm
HL
e2
K 2 L 2 e2
DH
P
EI
2
P Rm
HL
e2
K 2 L
2 e2
DH
I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending
K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the
unbraced condition
L = Story Height
Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames
DH = drift of story under consideration