IMMUNOLOGY

PART 2
 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this presentation you will be
able to:
 Define the term immunity.
 Relate the molecular structure of a typical
antibody to its function.
 Distinguish between active and passive
immunity, natural and artificial immunity.
 Explain the role of Vaccination in providing
immunity.
 Statewhat is a Monoclonal antibody.
 Describe the use of monoclonal
antibodies in diagnosis and treatment.
 IMMUNITY
 Immunity can be defined as the body’s
ability to destroy pathogens or other
foreign materials and to prevent further
cases of certain infectious diseases.
WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES?
 Antibodies/Immunoglobulin are “Y” shaped
glycoproteins that are produced by the
immune system to help stop intruders
(antigens) from harming the body. Their
molecules contain chains of Amino acids, and
sugar units.
FUNCTION OF A TYPICAL
ANTIBODY
 Bind to foreign objects and prevent them
from attacking normal cells.
 help get rid of pathogens with the aid of
macrophages
 directly damage pathogens by signaling
the start of complement pathway, which
is another immune response.
ANTIBODIES VS ANTIGENS
 When an antibody enters the bloodstream, the
immune system is triggered.
 First, the virus is met by a type of cell called B cells. B
cells are responsible for creating antibodies to
match the antigen. After the B cells have created
their antibodies, the antibodies stick to the virus,
marking it for the next round of attack.
 T cells are then ordered to attack the antigen that
the antibodies have marked for it.
 After the antigen has been destroyed, the cleanup
crew comes along. A wave of phagocytes (large
cells that can consume foreign matter, eats the
remains of the infection).
 WHAT IS ACTIVE
IMMUNITY?
 This is the production of antibodies by the
body itself and the subsequent development
of memory cells. Active immunity have many
benefits, such as:
1. Long lasting
2. Has no side effects
It however provides relief after a long period of
time (up to fourteen days)
 WHAT IS PASSIVE
IMMUNITY
 Thistype of immunity results from the
acquisition of antibodies from another source
and hence memory cells are not developed.
Passive immunity provides immediate relief, it
may cause reaction and It is not long lasting.
 NATURAL IMMUNITY
 Naturalactive immunity occurs when an individual
is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the
disease, and becomes immune as a result of the
primary immune response. (Producing antibodies in
response to exposure to a pathogenic infection)
WHILE
 Naturalpassive immunity occurs during pregnancy,
when antibodies are passed from the maternal
blood into the fetal bloodstream/ Through receiving
antibodies from another organism (e.g. to the
foetus via the colostrum or a newborn via breast
milk)
 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

 Artificialactive immunization is where the microbe/

parts of it, are injected into an individual before
they are able to take it in naturally.

WHILE
 Artificial
passive immunity is an immediate, but
short-term immunization provided by the injecting of
antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not
produced by the recipient’s cells. These antibodies
are developed in another individual or animal and
then injected into another individual. Antiserum is
the general term used for preparations that
contains antibodies.
ROLE OF VACCINATION
IN IMMUNITY
WHAT ARE MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES?
A type of protein made in the laboratory
that can bind to substances in the body,
including cancer cells. These antibodies are
made to combine with only one substance.
ROLE OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
 REFERENCES
 https://study.com/academy/lesson
 http://ib.bioninja.com.au
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com
 Biology Unit2 for CAPE Myda Ramesar