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CELLULAR
LIFE CAN BE FOUND IN THE FORM
• SINGLE CELL • MULTI-CELL ORGANISM
ORGANISM
HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT THE
CELL?
ROBERT HOOKE-1665
-First light
microscope
- Cork made of “cells”
ANTON VAN LEEUVENHOEK- 1676
Used simple microscope to
observe living organisms in
water
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN- 1838
Function?
• Provides support and
protection for the cell
•Helps maintain cell
shape
Cell
Membrane
Location?
•Outer boundary of animal
and protist cells. Outer edge
of cytoplasm.
Function?
•Regulates what enters and
exits the cell
•Supports cell structures and
provides strong barrier
between cell and
surroundings.
Construction?
•Lipid bilayer, also
containing proteins and
carbohydrates
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Nucleus
Location?
•In all cells but bacteria
cells
•Often most prominent
structure in center of cell
Function?
•Controls cell processes
•Stores hereditary
information in DNA
•Codes for protein
synthesis and other
important molecules
(making of proteins most
important role of cell)
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Binuclear, Binucleate, and
Multinucleate Cells
Some cells have more
than one nucleus.
Examples:
Cells that destroy bone
Some liver cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nuclear
Envelope
Location?
•Surrounds nucleus
Function?
•Double membrane
layer that contains
pores which allow
material to move into
and out of the nucleus
•Steady stream of RNA
and other info-
carrying molecules to
the rest of the cell
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Chromatin
Location?
•Most of the time it is
spread throughout the
nucleus
Function?
•Granular in structure, it
contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis. This DNA is
bound to protein.
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Chromosomes
Location?
•Inside and throughout
the nucleus
•Seen during cell division
Description?
Chromatin condenses into
threads to form
Chromosomes
Function?
•Contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Nucleolus
Location?
•Dark spherical mass
inside the nucleus
Function?
•Assembly of
ribosomes begin
here
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Cytoplasm
Location?
•Material inside the cell
membrane but not
including the nucleus.
•Contains many structures
called organelles
•Some cells may contain
cytoskeleton
Function?
•Establishes living
condition to supply and
transport materials for cell
activities
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
• Organelles act as if they are specialized
organs so the name organelle literally means
“little organs”.
Cytoskeleton
Location?
•Extending from nucleus to
cell membrane in some cells
•Found mainly in animal cells
Description?
•Made up of protein filaments
called microtubules and
microfilaments
Function?
•Helps cell maintain shape
and involved in many forms of
cell movement
Centrioles
Location?
•Paired structures just
outside the nuclear
envelope in the cytoplasm
•Only in animal cells
Function?
•During cell division,
centrioles separate and
take up positions on
opposite sides of the
nucleus
•Help organize the spindle
that separate the
chromosomes
Cilia &
Flagella
Location?
•Both extend from the
surface of the cell
Description? Cilia
Cilia – numerous, short,
hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two,
longer whip-like structures
Function?
Both used to propel
individual cells through
environment Flagella
•Found only on animal
cells.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
Location?
•Extend from nuclear envelop
to cell membrane
Description?
Rough E.R. – contain
ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not contain
ribosomes
Function?
•Transport materials
•Rough E.R. modify proteins
for secretion
•Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes that make lipids for
the membrane and detoxify
drugs
•Can be found in animal and
plant cells.
Ribosome
Location?
•In nucleus,
cytoplasm, and Rough
E.R.
Function?
•Produce proteins
following coded
instruction that come
from the nucleus.
They are made of RNA
and protein.
•Can be found in
animal and plant cells.
Golgi
Apparatus
Location?
•Near E.R. and nucleus
Function?
•Stack of membranes that
accept proteins produced
by the rough E.R.
•Contain enzymes that
attach carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins (“package
proteins”)
•Proteins then sent to final
destinations
•It modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and
other materials from the
rough ER.
•Can be found in animal
and plant cells.
Lysosome
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
•Rare in plant cells
•Mainly found in animal cells, some plants
cells store digestive enzymes in vacuoles.
Function?
•Small organelles filled with enzymes that
break down lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins from food into particles that can
be used by the rest of the cell.
•Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old
organelles that have outlived their
usefulness and dead pathogens.
•Lysosomes remove “junk” that might
other wise accumulate and clutter up the
cell.
•A number of serious human diseases,
including Tay-Sachs disease, can be traced
to lysosomes that fail to function
properly.
Function?
•Use energy from sunlight to
make energy-rich food
molecules (glucose).
•The name of this process?
Photosynthesis
B. Centriole
C. Chromosomes
(DNA)
D. ER (rough)
E. ER (smooth)
F. Golgi apparatus
G. Mitochondrion
H. Nucleus
I. Nucleolus
J. Ribosomes
K. Specialized
Vesicle, a Lysosome
M. Vesicle/Vacuole
Cell Quiz Answer Key
1. E Smooth E.R.
2. J Ribosome
3. D Rough E.R.
4. K Lysosome (Special vesicle)
5. M Vesicle/Vacuole
6. C Chromosome
7. H Nucleus
8. I Nucleolus
9. E Smooth E.R.
10. A Cell Membrane
11. B Centriole
12. F Golgi Apparatus
13. G Mitochondrion
14. M Vesicle/Vacuole
Recognition is given to the following URL addresses where the
• Female: http://www.health-safety-signs.uk.com/productimages/Acrylic-female-toilet-symbol-sign.gif
• Paramecium:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_06protists/media/paramecium.jpg&imgrefurl=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~bio
l240/labs/lab_06protists/pages/paramecium.html&h=540&w=352&sz=17&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=5_My1Mkfovm_wM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq%
3Dparamecium%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
• Prokaryotic cell: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
• Bacteria cell wall: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/prok.jpg
• Cell Wall: http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2164.jpg
• Animated Cell Parts Intro: http://www.wacona.com/promote/cells/cellani.gif
• Cell membrane channel proteins: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/1/10/Cell-membrane-electrochemical.PNG
• Cell diagram: http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/mcb3011s/virusentanimal_files/cell400.jpg
• Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
• Cell nucleus: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_nucleus.jpg
• Nuclear envelope: http://www.ualr.edu/botany/nucleus.jpeg
• Resting cell actual mitosis: http://www.molecularexpressions.com/micro/gallery/mitosis/resting.jpg
• Cell Chromosomes: http://www.flickr.com/photos/flteach/4850119/
• Nucleolus (actual): http://www.daviddarling.info/images/nucleolus.gif
• Cytoplasm diagram: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/cellcytoplasm.jpg
• Microtubules and microfilaments: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/images/00016767.jpg
• Centrioles actual: http://www.gen.cam.ac.uk/Research/Glover/images/SAK.jpg
• Centrioles: http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/centriole/centriole2.jpg
• Cilia and flagella together good: http://campus.queens.edu/faculty/jannr/bio103/IMAGES/fg05_17a.jpg
• Smooth and rough e.r. diagram: http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/cell.gif
• Smooth and rough e.r. only diagram: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/endoplasmic_reticulum.jpg
• Smooth and rough e.r. actual: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-
biology/SER1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/ser.htm&h=380&w=600&sz=51&hl=en&start=50&um=1&tbnid=l2zZTQ_k-
366OM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dendoplasmic%2Breticulum%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa
%3DN
Recognition continued: