New functionalities for advanced optical

interfaces (Dispersion compensation)

Kazuo Yamane
Photonic systems development dept.

1 Fujitsu
 Outline

 Chromatic dispersion effect

 Dispersion compensating techniques
 Optimization of residual dispersion or its map
 PMD compensation
 Conclusions

2 Fujitsu
 Signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion

Optical spectrum Spectrum broadening

Δλ Difference in group velocity

Wavelength Pulse broadening

(Waveform distortion)
Transmitter output Optical fiber Receiver input
Group velocity

Time Time

Original signal Regenerated signal

1 0 1 1 1 1
Wavelength
Δλ
3 Time Fujitsu Time
 Waveform distortion due to fiber non-linearity

High power Refractive Frequency Spectrum Waveform distortion

intensity index change chirp broadening due to chromatic
dispersion

Optical fiber

Low optical power High optical power

Transmitter out Received waveform

4 Fujitsu
 Dispersion compensation example

Transmission fiber Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF)

Positive dispersion
(Negative dispersion)
+ Negative dispersion
(Positive dispersion)
Longer wavelength Slow (Fast) Longer wavelength Fast (Slow)

Shorter wavelength Fast (Slow) Shorter wavelength Slow (Fast)

40 Gb/s optical signal

25 ps

Transmitter output After fiber transmission After dispersion comp.

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 DC allocations and dispersion maps
Post- +
comp. Fiber#1 Fiber#2

R.D. [ps/nm]
0
Distance
[km]
DC DC
-

Pre-comp. +
Fiber#1 Fiber#2

R.D. [ps/nm]
0
Distance
[km]
DC DC
-

Post- &
+
Pre- Fiber#1 Fiber#2

R.D. [ps/nm]
comp.
0
Distance
[km]
DC DC DC
-
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 Residual dispersion and tolerance of receiver
Allowable
penalty
+ +
Longer wavelength
R.D. [ps/nm]

R.D. [ps/nm]
Center wavelength Dispersion
0 tolerance
Shorter wavelength of receiver

- -
Distance [km] Penalty [dB]

Parameters affecting to the tolerance Need to consider the variation of

- Signal bit rate tolerance due to characteristics of
- Channel counts and spacing transmitter, fibre non-linear effects and
- Distance or number of spans dispersion map.
- Fibre type Even if residual dispersion values are
- Fibre input power same, the received waveforms are
- Pre-chirping of transmitter different, affected by these parameters.
- Modulation scheme of transmitter
- DC allocation / value

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 Comparison of 40Gbit/s modulation schemes
NRZ RZ CS-RZ Optical duobinary
Optical power (dBm)

0 0 0 0
108 GHz 180 GHz 165 GHz 70 GHz
-20 -20 -20 -20

-40 -40 -40 -40

1542 1545 1548 1542 1545 1548 1542 1545 1548 1542 1545 1548
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Now evaluating transmission performance

Chromatic dispersion tolerance
Fibre non-linear tolerance (Maximum input power)
Spectral tolerance (Degradation due to filter narrowing)
8 Fujitsu
 A past field experiment example
 10Gbit/s 750km WDM field trial between Berlin and Darmstadt (Ref.:
OFC/IOOC’99, Technical Digest TuQ2, A. Ehrhardt, et.al.)

Berlin Link for field trial Darmstadt

Before Optimization

O/E E/O
Post-amplifier Pre-amplifier

After optimization
-400 ps/nm +900 ps/nm

O/E E/O
Post-amplifier Pre-amplifier

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 Dispersion maps and waveforms in the trial
Before optimization
Dispersion (ps/nm)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000 Channel 1 Channel 3
Channel 2 Channel 4
-1500
-2000
0 200 400 600 800
Distance (km)

After optimization
Dispersion (ps/nm)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
Channel 1 (Before)
-1500 Channel 1 (After)
-2000
0 200 400 600 800
Distance (km)
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 Automatic dispersion compensation example
Provisioning
&
Provisioning Tracking
l1 Tx #1 Rx #1

l2 Tx #2 VDC VDC Rx #2

l40 Tx #40 Rx #40

DC DC
li
Dispersion compensator
(fixed or variable) Dispersion
Monitor

VIPA variable dispersion compensator

Line-focusing DC > 0 Variable

lens x-axis
Optical circulator DC < 0

Focusing
Collimating lens Glass lens
plate 3-Dimensional Mirror

VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array

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 Dispersion compensation trend

NE

NE
Photonic network
Manage dispersion or
residual dispersion NE
(dispersion map) !!
NE
NE

Transmitter / Receiver
Adjust parameters
including residual
dispersion to optimum!!
12 Fujitsu
 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Cross-section of optical fiber
Ideal Practical
Cladding
Fast axis
Core
Slow axis

1st-order PMD Fast

Dt

Dt

Slow
D t : Differential Group Delay (DGD)
- Well defined, frequency independent eigenstates
- Deterministic, frequency independent Differential Group Delay (DGD)
- DGD scales linearity with fiber length
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 Higher-order PMD

D t1 D t2 D t3 D t4 … D tn

Mode-coupling at random locations with random strength

-Frequency dependence of DGD Maxwellian distribution

Frequency of occurrence
of the instantaneous DGD
-Statistically varying due to
environmental fluctuations
Prob.(DGD>3xPMD)
= 4x10-5 = 21 min/year
-Fiber PMD unit: ps/ km
Prob.(DGD>3.5xPMD)
=10-6 = 32 sec/year

PMD 3.5PMD
Instantaneous DGD (ps)

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 Automatic PMD compensation

PMD compensation scheme in receiver 40Gb/s waveforms

Before PMD comp.
PMD PMD PMD O/E
comp. comp. comp. module
device #1 device #2 device #3

Control Distortion After PMD comp.

algorithm analyzer

PMD characteristic changes slowly due to

“normal” environmental fluctuations (e.g. temperature)

But, fast change due to e.g. fiber touching

High-speed PMD compensation device

& Intelligent control algorithm
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 Conclusions

 In fibre optical high bit rate (such as 10G or 40G bit/s)

long-haul transmission systems, dispersion
compensation is one of the most important items to be
considered for design.
 Management or optimization of residual dispersion are
required for photonic networks, i.e., for fibres, repeaters
and optical interfaces.
 PMD compensation is also required especially for
40Gbit/s or higher bit rate long-haul systems.

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