Artificial intelligence

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Artificial Intelligence (A.I) is a branch of computer science that
studies the computational requirements for tasks such as
perception, reasoning and learning and develop systems to
perform those tasks
• It is related to the similar task of using computers to
understand human intelligence.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• A.I deals with symbolic, Algorithmic-Methods of problem
solving.
• AI works with pattern matching methods which attempt to
describe objects, events or processes in terms of their
qualitative features and logical and computational
Relationship.
Current situation of AI
AI have taken many shapes and forms over recent years
• Mobile Phones ( Siri/ Cortana)
• Video Games Characters
• GPS/ Voice Recognition
• Robotics
Google has been a major play on AI transcendence and Deep
Learning.
• Deep learning is a machine learning based on algorithms.
Resemblance to Human mind
• The special ability of artificial intelligence is to reach a solution
based on facts rather than on a preset series of steps—is what
most closely resembles the thinking function of the human
brain
Programming languages
Although some all-purpose languages such as C, C++ and Java are
used to create intelligent software, two languages are specifically
designed for AI: LISP and PROLOG.
LISP:
• LISP (LISt Programming) was invented by John McCarthy in
1958. As the name implies, LISP is a programming language that
manipulates lists.
PROLOG:
PROLOG (PROGRAMMING IN LOGIC) is a language that can build
a database of facts and a knowledge base of rules. A program in
PROLOG can use logical reasoning to answer questions that can
be inferred from the knowledge base.
GOALS OF AI
The definition of AI gives four possible goals to pursue:
1. Systems that think like humans.
2. Systems that think rationally.
3. Systems that act like humans
4. Systems that act rationally
GENERAL GOALS OF AI
• Replicate human intelligence: still a distant goal.
• Solve knowledge intensive tasks.
• Make an intelligent connection between
• perception and action.
• Enhance human-computer and computer to computer
Interaction / communication.
AI APPROCHES
• Cognitive science:
Think human-like
• Laws of Thought:
Think Rationally
• Turing Test:
Act Human-like
• Rational Agent:
Act Rationally
TYPES OF AI
• Machine learning
• Natural language processing
• Machine perception, Computer vision and Speech recognition
• Computational creativity
Machine learning
• Ability of a machine to improve its own performance through
the use of software that employs artificial intelligence
techniques to mimic the ways by which humans seem to
learn, such as repetition and experience.
Machine learning
Types of problems:
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
Machine learning
Reinforcement learning:
• It is learning from interaction with an environment; from the
consequences of action, rather than from explicit teaching.
Supervised learning:
• Training data includes both the input and desired results. For
example the correct are known and are given in input to the
model during the learning process. The construction of a
proper, validation and attest set crucial.
Machine learning
Unsupervised learning:
• The data have no target attribute. We want to explore the
data to find some intrinsic structures in them. The model is
not provided with the correct result during the training . It can
be used to cluster the input data in classes on the basis of
their statistical properties
Speech Recognition
• Converts audio signals into text, or takes spoken input and
changes it to written output.
• It maps the audio signals to form an abstract meaning of the
spoken input.
Speech Recognition Process
• Spoken Input
• Converted into a digital format
• Digital input is then broken down in (x) number of phonemes
• Program then compares the phonemes to words in its
database
• Program then decides what it thinks the word is and displays
the best choice
Advantages
• Precision and Accuracy
• Space exploration
• Used for mining process
• Can do laborious tasks
• Fraud detection, manage records.
• Lacking the emotional side
• Can do repetitive and time-consuming tasks
• Robotic pets, Robotic radiosurgery
• Function without stopping, Risk Reducing.
• Diagnosis and Treatment
Disadvantages
• Cost incurred in the maintenance and repair
• Not able to act any different
• Lack the human touch
•Lack a creative mind
• Lack common sense
• Unemployment
• Abilities of humans may diminish
• Robots superseding humans
• Humans may became dependent on machines.
• Wrong hands causes destruction