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INTRODUCTION
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History of the Internet and
World Wide Web
ARPANET
Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced
ARPA’s goals
Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same time
communications lines
Network designed to be operated without centralized
control
If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to
route packets
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History of the Internet and World
Wide Web (Cont.)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Name of protocols for communicating over
ARPAnet.
Ensured that messages were properly routed
and that they arrived intact.
Organizations implemented own networks
Used both for intra-organization and
communication.
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History of the Internet and World
Wide Web (Cont.)
Huge variety of networking hardware and software
appeared
ARPA achieved inter-communication between all
The Internet
Limited to universities and research institutions
commercial purposes
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History of the Internet and World
Wide Web (Cont.)
Internet traffic grew
Businesses spent heavily to improve Internet
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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Standardization
W3C Recommendations:
FTP
E-mail
Telnet
Chat
Bulletin Board System
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Set of rules by which computers transfer data over the Internet
URL begins with ftp:// rather than http
Accessed either with the web browser or software that supports FTP
Filezilla (http://filezilla.sourceforge.net)
FTP site can be browsed as though they were files on the local computer
Files can be downloaded
FTP site may require login
FTP can also be used on the Internet for
Uploading files
Downloading files
File-managing tasks
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Fig.1.1| FTP site access.
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Introduction to Web browsing
Internet is an essential medium for worldwide
communication
Web browsers
Web browser
Software that allows the user to view certain types of Internet files in an
interactive environment
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Each web page on the Internet has unique URL
Hyperlinks
Visual elements on web pages that when clicked, load a specified web
document
Images and text
Can reference other web pages, e-mail addresses, files and more
Download files
Tabbed Browsing
Allows the user to browse multiple pages without many windows
Page Organization
Using the History Feature
List of previously visited URLs in chronological order
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Internet Explorer Features (Cont.)
AutoComplete
URLs from the history can be displayed in a drop-down list when a user
types a URL into the Address bar
Off-Line Browsing
Web pages can be saved directly to the computer’s hard drive for off-
line browsing
Not connected to the Internet
Downloads
Files from the Internet may be copied to a computer’s hard drive
Applications
Plug-ins
Extensions
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Internet Explorer 9
Features
Pinned Web Sites
IE 9 allows you to pin your favourite web sites
to the Windows 7 taskbar in a manner that is
similar to the way you pin favourite applications.
So your taskbar can contain a mixture of
shortcuts for both local, Windows-based
applications and web-based applications like
Gmail, Amazon, and even the SuperSite for
Windows.
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Internet Explorer 9
Features
Notification Bar
Internet Explorer 9 includes a completely
redesigned Notification Bar that now appears on
the bottom of the browser window, allowing you to
continue reading and browsing the web and deal
with notifications on your own schedule.
As with many other new IE 9 features, the
Notification Bar is less distracting than the feature
it replaces.
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Internet Explorer 9
Features
Download Manager
With Internet Explorer 9, Microsoft is finally
adding a download manager to the dominant
web browser line.
And while they may be late to the game, IE
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Customizing Browser Settings
Browser settings
Determine how sites are displayed
Privacy settings for IE7 can be set under the Privacy tab. In IE7 there are
six levels of privacy
Many levels lenient to strict
Security options
Specify how much information you want to hide from unfamiliar
sites
How much of the site’s content will be blocked from a computer
History options
Web page cache
Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com)
MSN (www.msn.com)
AltaVista (www.altavista.com)
Ask.com (www.ask.com)
the
MetaCrawler (www.metacrawler.com)
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Fig. 1.7 | Searching the Internet with Internet Explorer 7. 24
Keeping Track of Your Favorite Sites
into folders
Most browsers have their own version of Favorites or
Bookmarks.
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Fig. 1.8 | The Favorites menu helps organize frequently visited websites in Internet Explorer 7. 26
Online Help
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Fig. 1.9 | Internet Explorer 7 Help dialog. 28
Email Clients
To send and receive email, both the sender and recipient
must have the right tools: an Internet connection, an email
client, and an email address.
An email client (sometimes referred to as a composer) is
software that runs on a personal computer, and relies on
an Internet connection to perform some of its operations.
Email clients work with any ISP (Internet Service Provider)
that uses standard Internet email protocols. These
protocols make it possible for people using different email
client software to communicate with one another. For
example, if I use Microsoft OutlookTM, I can send and
receive email with someone who uses QUALCOMM
EudoraTM.
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Email Clients are Different
Most email client software allows you to:
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Allows a user to copy files to/from remote
hosts
Client program connects to FTP server
… provides a login id and password
… allows the user to explore the directories
… and download and upload files with the server
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FTP Objectives
• promote sharing of files
• encourage indirect use of remote computers
• shield user from variations in file storage
• transfer data reliably and efficiently
• “FTP, although usable directly by a user at a
terminal, is designed mainly for use by
programs”
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Example Commands
Authentication
USER: specify the user name to log in as
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What is an FTP Client?
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What is anonymous FTP?
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FTP Data Transfer
Separate data connection
To send lists of files (LIST)
control
data 42
Creating the Data Connection
Client acts like a server
Creates a socket
Listens on socket
control
socket 43
Creating Data Connection
But, the server doesn’t know the port number
So after listening, client tells it to the server
Using the PORT command on the control connection
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Creating Data Connection
Then, the server initiates the data connection
Connects to the socket on the client machine
… and the client accepts to complete the connection
Data now flows along second connection; first connection remains open
for more commands/replies
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Telnet
TELNET is a protocol that provides “a general, bi-
directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications
facility”.
telnet is a program that supports the TELNET
protocol over TCP.
Many application protocols are built upon the
TELNET protocol
Telnet is a very useful protocol when properly used
but lacks graphical user interface.
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Advantages of TELNET over FTP
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The TELNET Protocol
TCP connection
Data and control over the same connection.
Network Virtual Terminal
Negotiated options
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Search engines or Directories
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Search directories
Search directories are hierarchical databases with
references to websites.
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Meta search engines
Search several search engines and directories at the same
time, trying to extract the most relevant hits from all of them.
Meta-search engine try to "translate" your query into a
language that each search engine will understand.
For more complex searches, you should go directly to the
relevant search engine. Also note that the meta search engines
will give you but a small part of the results from each
individual search engine.
The main reason for using meta search engines today, is that
some of them provide special features not found in the regular
search engines.
Clusty, for instance, uses a special clustering technology that
sorts the results into different groups or "clusters" that might
help you pinpoint the right set of web sites more easily.
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Specialized search engines
Specialized search engines focus on one type of information.
Some of them just presents sub-sets of what is found in the
regular search engine results, while others may provide
information not found there.
There are especially two kinds of specialized search engines you
might want to take a look at: news search engines and blog
search engines.
The reason for this is that news sites and blog search engines
will rank fresh information much higher than the regular search
engines.
News and blog articles form the most popular sites and blogs
may appear in these search engines less than an hour after they
have been published.
So, if you are looking for up to date information on what is
happening right now, try search engines like Google News and
Google Blog Search. 56
Specialized search engines
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http://webquest.sdsu.edu/searching/specialized.html
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