Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Acoustics
Topics
• ACOUSTICS
– Sound wave
– Attributes of Sound Waves
– Velocity of Sound
– Sound levels
– Sound in Enclosed rooms
– Reverberation time
– Microphones & Baffles
Topics
• BROADCASTING
– Radio Services & Stations
– AM Broadcasting
– FM Broadcasting
– TV Broadcasting
– Digital TV
AM Broadcasting
• Introduction to AM Broadcasting
System and Standards
• AM Studio System design
• AM Transmission System Design
• AM Coverage Mapping and
Prediction
FM Broadcasting
• Introduction to FM Broadcasting
System and Standards
• FM Studio System design
• FM Transmission System Design
• FM Coverage Mapping and
Prediction
TV Broadcasting
• Introduction to TV Broadcasting
System and Standards
• RF System
• NTSC-Color TV Broadcasting
• TV Studio System Design
TV Broadcasting
• Studio Wiring Diagram
• Technical Operation Center
(TOC) System Design
• TOC Wiring Diagram
• Transmission System Design
• TV Coverage Mapping and
Prediction
SOUND WAVE
• Of all the mechanical waves
that occur in nature, the most
important in our daily lives are
longitudinal waves in a medium,
usually air , called sound waves.
• The reason is that the human
ear is tremendously sensitive
and can detect sound waves
even of very low intensity.
• Sound is a physical phenomenon
that stimulates the sense of
hearing.
• Acoustics is the science of
sound including its production,
propagation, and effects.
• Sound or a sound wave is an
alteration in pressure, stress,
particle displacement, or
particle velocity that is
propagated in elastic material.
• Sound sensation is the
sensation produced through the
ear by the above alterations.
• Sound can travel in air, through any
gas, liquid, or solid.
• The simplest sound waves are
sinusoidal waves, which have the
definite frequency, amplitude and
wavelength.
• The human ear is sensitive to waves
in the frequency range from about 20
to 20,000 Hz, called the audible
range .
• We also use the term sound for
similar waves with frequencies
above ( ultrasonic ) and below
( infrasonic ) the range of human
hearing.
Types of Ordinary Sound
1. Speech
2. Music or Musical Tone
3. Noise
• In speech, music, and noise,
pure tones are seldom
heard.
• Musical sound is one of regular
vibration, of one or more
definite frequencies. It
contains, in addition to a
fundamental frequency, higher
tones that are harmonics of
the fundamental frequency.
• Speech contains a complex mixture
of sounds, some (but not all) of which
are in harmonic relation to one
another.
• Noise is sound of irregular vibration,
or no definite range of frequencies. It
consists of a mixture of many
different frequencies within a certain
range; it is thus comparable to white
light, which consists of a mixture of
light of all different colors.
• Different noises are distinguished by
different distributions of energy in
the various frequency range.
Attributes or Characteristics of
Sounds
1. Pitch – that attribute of
auditory sensation in terms of
which sound may be ordered
on a scale primarily related to
frequency. It is the “highness”
or “lowness” of a note or tone.
• A note of high frequency has
a high pitch, and one of low
frequency has a low pitch.
• The subjective unit for pitch is the
Mel .
• 1000 Mels is the pitch of 1000 Hz
tone at a sensation level of 40 dB.
2. Timbre – the quality of sound
related to its harmonic structure.
• Two tones produced by different
instruments might have the same
fundamental frequency (and thus
the same pitch) but sound different
because of the presence of
different amounts of various
harmonics. The difference is called
tone, color, quality or timbre .
• Pure tone is a sound composed of
only one frequency in which the
sound pressure varies sinusoidally
with time.
• Musical sounds (tones) are
composed of the fundamental
frequency and integral multiples of
fundamental frequency (harmonics).
3. Loudness or intensity – is an
observer’s auditory impression of
the strength of a sound and is
associated with the rate at which
energy is transmitted to the ear. It
depends on the amplitude of
vibration.
• The unit of loudness level of a
stendard pure test tone that is
tied to a sound pressure level of
20 microPascal at 1000 Hz is the
Phon
• The subjective unit of loudness
is the Sone
𝑇𝑅
English System: c = 1052.03 ft/s
460
where: TC = temp in degree Celsius
TF = temp in degree Fahrenheit
TK = temp in Kelvin
TR = temp in Rankine
Velocity of Sound
E. Velocity of Sound (c) in Liquid
1
c= m/s
𝐾𝑜
Compressibilit
y K= 47 𝑥 10 −8
981
where:
K = the compressibility in ms2/kg and may be
regardless as constant
• Speed of Sound in a Fluid
V = ¯(B/)
where = density of
the medium
B = Bulk Modulus
• Example : Determine the speed of sound
waves in water and the wavelength of a
262 Hz wave.
• Speed of Sound in a Solid
V = ¯(Y/)
where = density of
the medium
Y = Young’s Modulus
• Example : What is the speed of sound in
a lead rod? (Y=1.6x1010 Pa & =11.3x103
Kg/m3)
Sound Levels
A. Sound Power (W) & Sound Power Level
(PWL)
Sound Power – the radiated acoustic power in
a stated frequency band expressed in Watts
(W).
Sound Power Level – ten times the common
logarithm of the ratio of the sound power
to the reference sound power, Wo, (10-12 W)
expressed in decibel (dB)
𝑊
PWL = 10 log PWL = 10 log W + 120
𝑊𝑜
where: W = radiated acoustic power, W
Wo = reference sound power, 10-12 W
1. Sound Power Level (PWL) in dB
From an Isotropic Source in Free Space:
PWL = SPL + 20 log d + 11
From a Source at Ground Level:
PWL = SPL + 20 log d + 8
where: d = distance from source at which
measurement is taken in m
SPL = Sound Pressure Level in dB
Microbar bar 74
Pascal Pa(N/m2) 94
lb/ft2 psf 127.6
Mm of mm Hg 136.5
mercury torr 136.5
Torr psi 170.8
lb/in2 atm 193.8
atmosphere
(technical) at 194.1
atmosphere
(standard)
3. Total Sound Pressure (PT)
From Sources with unequal level
PT = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 +𝑷𝟑 + … .𝑷𝒏
From Sources with unequal level
PT = P 𝒏
𝑃2 𝑃2
I= I=
410
𝑾 𝑾
I= I=
𝟒 𝒅 𝟐
𝟐𝒅𝟐
2. Total Sound Intensity (IT) in W/m2
I T = I1 + I2 + I3 + … In IT = nI
I = Id + Ir I=
𝑊𝑄
+ 4𝑊
4𝑑 2 𝑅
ACOUSTICS TERMINOLOGY
Absorption Coefficient – a measure of the
efficiency of a surface or material in
absorbing sound.
Anechoic chamber – a room designed to
suppress internal sound reflections as much
as possible.
Baffle – a divider board used to separate the
sound pressure areas in order to reduce the
cancellation of sound.
Coloration of sound – the distortion of a
signal detectable by the ear.
Comb Filter Effect – a distortion produced by
combining an electrical or acoustical signal
with a delayed replica of itself.
Correlogram – a graph showing the
correlation of one signal with another
Dead Room – a room in which the floor,
ceiling, and wall are lined with a sound
absorbing material to reduce reflections of
sound to a minimum. It is also known as
anechoic room or free-field room .
Diffraction of sound – the distortion of a
wavefront caused by the presence of an
obstacle in the sound field.
Diffusor - a proprietary device for the
diffusion of sound through reflection phase-
grating means.
Dispersion – the ability of a driver to send the
sound waves out in a wide path.
Driver – a loudspeaker designed to reproduce
middle-frequency sounds.
Dynamic Range – a ratio between the sudden
drop of sound intensity from its loudest level
to its softest level.
Echo – a delayed return of sound that is
perceived by the ear as discrete sound image
Flutter echo – a repetitive echo set up by
parallel reflecting surfaces.
Haas Effect – also called Precedence Effect.
Delayed sounds are integrated by the
auditory apparatus if they fall on the ear
within 20 – 40 ms of the direct sound. The
level of the delayed components contributes
to the apparent level of the sound, and it is
accompanied by a pleasant change in
character.
Helmhotz Resonator – a reactive, tuned
sound absorber; it is an air cavity within a
massive enclosure, connecting to the
surroundings by a narrow neck opening.
Horn – a loudspeaker type that is used to
transform sound energy having a high
pressure and low velocity to sound energy
having a low pressure and high velocity.
Korner Killer - a proprietary sound-absorbing/
diffusing unit for use in corners of rooms
Law of the First Wavefront – the first
wavefront falling on the ear determines the
perceived direction of the sound.
Live end Dead end – an acoustical treatment
plan for rooms in which one end is highly
absorbent and the other end reflective and
diffusive.
Mean free path – the ave. distance traveled
between successive reflections.
Noise Criteria – a plot of frequency vs. sound
pressure level in dB on standard NC chart.
The standard NC chart was developed in an
attempt to show equally objectionable sound
pressure levels.
Octave – the interval between two
frequencies having a ratio of 2:1.
Partial – one of a group of frequencies
not necessarily harmonically-related to
the fundamental, which appears in
complex tones.
Presbycosis – the loss of hearing sensation
due to the thickening of the eardrum usually
at old age.
Psychoacoustics – the study of the interaction
of the auditory system and acoustics
Refraction of sound – the bending of sound
waves travelling through layered media with
different sound velocities.
Regenerated sound – sound generated by air
turbulence as it passes through ductwork and
air control devices. It increases with an
increase in air velocity.
Reverberation Room – a room designed to
emphasize reverberations. It is the converse of
a dead room.
Sound spectograph – is a graph wherein time is
plotted in the x-axis, frequency is plotted in
the y-axis, and the sound level is indicated
roughly by the density of the trace.
Standing Wave – a resonance condition in an
enclosed space in which sound waves
traveling in one direction interact with those
traveling in the opposite direction, resulting in
a stable condition.
Threshold of Pain - the maximum sound
pressure which the human ear understands
without discomfort of pain.
Threshold of tolerance – a range of sound
measure which the human ear can understand
without discomfort or pain or evoke an
auditory sensation.
Tinnitus – a high-pitch ringing
Tweeter – a loudspeaker designed to
reproduce high-frequency sounds
Woofer – a large loudspeaker that reproduces
low audio frequencies at relatively high power
level.
Wow - a low-frequency flutter
BROADCASTING:
- Refers to the airborne transmission of
electromagnetic audio signals (radio) or
audiovisual signals (television) that are readily
accessible to a wide population via standard
receivers.
Broadcasting:
Radio Services & Stations
TYPES OF SERVICES
1. Aeronautical Fixed Service
2. Aeronautical Mobile Service
3. Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service
4. Aeronautical Radionavigation Service
5. Aeronautical Radionavigation-Satellite
Service
6. Amateur Service
7. Amateur-Satellite Service
8. Broadcasting Service
9.Broadcasting-Satellite Service
10.Earth Exploration-Satellite Service
11.Fixed Service
12.Fixed-Satellite Service
13.Inter-Satellite Service
14.Land Mobile Service
15.Land Mobile-Satellite Service 16.Maritime
Mobile Service 17.Maritime Mobile-Satellite Service
18.Maritime Radionavigation Service
19.Maritime Radionavigation-Satellite Service
20.Meteorological Aids Service 21.Meteorological-Sate
Service
22.Mobile Service 23.Mobile-Satellite
Service 24.Port Operations Service
25.Radio Astronomy Service
26.Radiodetermination Service
27.Radionavigation Service
28.Radionavigation-Satellite Service
29.Safety Service
30.Ship Movement Service
31.Ship Operation Service
32.Space Research Service
33.Special Service
34. Standard Frequency & Time Signal Service
35. Standard Frequency & Time Signal-
Satellite Service
TYPES OF STATIONS
1.Aeronautical Station
2.Aeronautical Fixed Station
3.Aircraft Station
4.Amateur Station
5.Base Station
6.Broadcasting Station
7.Coast Station
8.Commercial Receiving Station
9.Experimental Station
10.Fixed Station
11.Land Mobile Station
12.Mobile Station
13.Mobile Portable Station
14.Portable Station
15.Radio Direction-Finding Station
16.Radio Training Station
17.Radiobeacon Station
18.Radiolocation Station
19.Radionavigation Station
20.Radionavigation Land Station
21.Ship Station
22.Standard Frequency & Time Signal Station
23.Transmitting Station
AM BROADCASTING
Bastida-Cornelio
Flores-Galagala
Garsuta-Madulin
Martizano-Orillaneda
Report Outline
Broadcasting
Types of Services and Stations
History of AM Broadcasting
How AM Broadcasting Works
AM vs FM Broadcasting
International Frequency Assignment
NTC Regulations on Broadcasting
AM Broadcasting in Davao City
BROADCASTING
• Broadcasting refers to the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio
signals (radio) or audiovisual signals (television) that are readily accessible to a
wide population via standard receivers.
• The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of
sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about. It was later adopted for
describing the wide spread distribution of information by printed materials or by
telegraph.
• Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits
OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts, but do not
necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required).
TYPES OF SERVICES
Amateur Service
a radio communication service for the purpose of self-training,
intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs.
Broadcasting Service
a radio communication service in which the transmission are intended for direct
reception by the general public. This service may include sound transmissions,
television transmissions or other types of transmissions.
Broadcast-Satellite Service
a radio communication service in which signals transmitted or retransmitted
by space stations are intended for direct reception by the general public.
Base Station
a radio station in the land mobile service, which is not intended for operation
while in motion.
Broadcasting Station
a station in the broadcasting service.
Fixed Station
a station in the fixed service.
Portable Station
a mobile station in the land mobile service which can be conveniently
moved from one place to another or carried in person and intended to
be used while in motion or during temporary halts.
HISTORY OF AM
BROADCASTING
Early Broadcasting Development
AM FM
Origin Successfully carried out in the mid Developed in the United states in
1870s. the 1930s, mainly by Edwin
Armstrong.
Modulating "carrier" or "carrier wave" is "carrier" or "carrier wave" is
differences modulated in amplitude by the modulated in frequency by the
signal that is to be transmitted. The signal that is to be transmitted. The
frequency and phase remain the amplitude and phase remain the
same. same.
Pros and cons Has poorer sound quality but is Less prone to interference however
cheaper and can be transmitted FM signals are impacted by
over long distances. physical barriers.
Cons:
• Signals are affected by electrical storms and other radio
frequency interference.
• Although it can transmit sound waves up to 15kHz frequency,
most receivers are able to produce only 5kHz or less.
• FM has better sound quality.
FREQUENCY
ASSIGNMENT
Band/use Wavelength Frequency
LW (Long wave) 5km–1km 60kHz–300kHz
AM/MW (Amplitude modulation / 600m–176m 500kHz–1.7MHz
medium wave)
SW (Short wave) 188m–10m 1.6MHz–30MHz
VHF/FM (Very high frequency / 10m–6m 100MHz–500MHz
frequency modulation)
FM (frequency modulation) 3.4m–2.8m 88MHz–125Mhz
Aircraft 2.7m–2.2m 108–135MHz
Cellphones 80cm–15cm 380–2000MHz
Radar 100cm–3mm 0.3–100GHz
Noticethat the wavelength and the frequency
move in opposite directions.
As the wavelengths of radio waves get smaller
(moving down the table), so their frequency gets
bigger (higher).
Butif you multiply the frequency and wavelength of
any of these waves, you'll find you always get the
same result: 300 million meters per second, better
known as the speed of light.
Frequency allocation (or spectrum allocation)
is the division of the electromagnetic spectrum into
radio frequency bands. This spectrum management is
regulated by governments in most countries. Radio
propagation does not stop at national boundaries. Giving
technical and economic reasons, governments have
sought to harmonize the allocation of RF bands and their
standardization.
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
A number standards bodies work on standards for
frequency allocation, including:
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT)
Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL)
BODIES
The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and
shared.
primaryallocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters
(see example below)
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
exclusiveor shared utilization: is within the responsibility of
administrations
Section I. PURPOSE
To prescribe rules and regulations to govern the authorization, installation and
operation of the Personal Radio service for the orderly, efficient and effective
utilization of the radio frequency spectrum and to serve the short distance
communications needs of qualified persons and small business entities, which
otherwise cannot as yet be provided for public carriers.
Section 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
2.1 Personal Radio Service – A land mobile radio service intended for short distance two-
way personal and business communications authorized to qualified person and business
entities.
2.2 Personal Base Radio Station – A radio station in the Personal Radio Service installed at a
specified fixed location and operated to communicate with personal mobile or personal
portable radio stations.
2.3 Personal Land Mobile Radio Station – A radio station in the Personal Radio Service
installed on board vehicle or vessel and intended for use while in motion or during halts at
unspecified points.
2.4 Personal Portable radio Station – A radio station in the Personal Radio service so
designed that it may be conveniently be moved about from one place to another or
personally carried and be operated while in motion or during temporary halts.
2.5 Radio Station – one or more transmitters, receivers or combinations of transmitters and
receivers including the accessories equipment authorized at a location for carrying on a
radio communication service.
2.6 Restricted Land Mobile Permit (RLMP) – a permit issued by NTC to a qualified person in
order him to operate a licensed land mobile radio station.
2.7 Second Class Radiotelephone Operator Certificate – a certificate issued by NTC to a
qualified person in order him to operate a licensed land base radio station under the PRS.
Section 3. APPLICATIONS, PERMITS/LICENSES AND/OR OPERATOR CERTIFICATE
3.2 The radio station license issued under the Personal radio service shall have a
maximum validity period of three (3) years subject to renewal
3.3 The schedule of fees for this service shall be the same as that prescribe by the NTC
for regular commercial station licenses.
Section 4. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR AN APPLICANT
4.1 Citizen of the Philippines.
4.2 If an individual, at least 18 years old and of good moral character.
4.3 If a business entity, must be duly organized and incorporated in accordance with
the Philippines Laws.
4.4 Nature, scope, area and extent of the operation.
Section 8. EFFECTIVITY
This circular takes effect immediately and may be revised, revoked or amended, in the
interest of good and improved communication service as determined by the
Commission.
HISTORY OF AM STATIONS
IN DAVAO CITY
First Air Started Frequency Station Name Call Sign
July 1946 819 KHz DXUM Radyo Ukay University of - Studio -Ponciano St.
Mindanao - Transmitter – UM Matina
- “Ukay” – to dig issues and
reports
- Known as “Investigative”
Radio
- UM Broadcasting Network
1949 855 KHz DXGO Aksyon - Located at R. Castillo Ave.
Radyo - *Sa DAVAO … Aksyon Radyo!
- Manila Boadcasting Co.
June 12, 1957 621 KHz DXDC RMN Davao Davao - Studio – A. Bonifacio St.
Community/ - Transmitter – Madapa Hills DC
City - *Tatak RMN
- Radio Mindanao Network
July 4, 1957 1125 KHz Super Radyo DXGM Global Media - Studio – Shrine Hills, Matina
Davao Arts - Transmitter – Ma-a, DC
- *Kini ang Balita!
- GMA Network Inc.
1975 576 KHz DXMF Bombo Radyo Rogelio M. - Studio – San Pedro St., Davao
Davao Florete City
- Transmitter – Ma-a, DC
- *Basta Radyo … BOMBO
- People’s Broadcasting
Service, Inc.
1975 783 KHz DXRA Radyo ni Juan Radyo - Studio – JP. Laurel St., DC
Arangkada - Station has been critical of
their violent atrocities against
the Filipino people.
- Aug. 27, 1987, station was
attacked by NPA. The DXRA
Massacre resulted in 9
deaths.
- Rizal Memorial Colleges
Broadcasting Corporation
March 1988 1224 KHz DXED Radyo Agila Erano De - Studio and transmitter-
Davao Guzman Agdao, DC.
Manalo - *Mabilis, Malakas,
Pumapagaspas
- Owned by Eagle
Broadcasting Corp. (Iglesia ni
Cristo
1960’s 981 KHz DXOW Radyo - Studio – F. Torres St., DC
Asenso Davao - Former callsign is DXMT
Davao. Known as the first
Golden Sound in the airwaves of
Davao.
- Radio Corp. of the Phil.
March 16, 1997 1296 KHz DXAB Radyo Patrol Alto - Studio- shrine hills Matina, DC
Davao Broadcasting - Transmitter – Mc Arthur
Highway, Matina, DC
- *Una sa Balita, Una sa Public
Service
- First air date on 1957 as
DXAW
- ABS-CBN Corporation
2005 711 KHz DXRD Sonshine Radyo Davao - Studio – Catitipan, Davao
Radio Davao City
- First air date on 1967 as NBC
DXRD
- *Your Earth Friendly Radio
- Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy
- Sonshine Media Network Int’l
Jan. 1, 2006 1017 KHz DXAM Radyo - Studio – Damosa, DC
Rapido - Transmitter – Munong, DC
- First air date on 2001 as The
Radio of Life
- *Respetado, Responsible
- Kalayaan Broadcasting
System
FREQUENCY OF AM
STATIONS IN DAVAO
THE AM RADIO FREQUENCY
• The Amplitude Modulated (AM radio) carrier
frequencies are in the frequency range of 535-
1605kHz.
• The frequencies are assigned at 10kHz interval
Frequency Name Company Call Sign
576 AM Bombo Radyo Davao Bombo Radyo Philippines DXMF
855 AM Aksyon Radyo Davao 855 kHz Manila Broadcasting Company DXGO
981 AM Radyo Asenso Davao 981 kHz Radio Corporation of the Philippines DXOW
Radyo Rapido Diyes Disisyete DXAM
1017 AM Kalayaan Broadcasting System
(Rapid Radio)
1071 AM RPN DXKT Radyo Ronda Davao Radio Philippines Network DXKT
1197 AM 1197 DXFE The Good News Radio Far East Broadcasting Company DXFE
Adequate space
Adequate ventilation and airconditioning
Adequate lighting
AM TRANSMITTER
Transmitter Design
AM TRANSMITTER
Operating Schedule
2/3 of the total hours that it is authorized to operate
between 6 AM to 6PM local standard time.
2/3 of the total hours that it is authorized to operate
between 6 PM to midnight local standard time.
AM BROADCAST OPERATING REQUIREMENTS
There is a debate on what exactly was the first radio station in the country. In 1924 an American
established the first AM radio station KZKZ.
But an archive of radio broadcast histories revealed that in 1922, an American woman named
Mrs. Redgrave made a test broadcast using a five-watt transmitter.
While little is known about Redgrave’s experiment, it is believed that the test broadcast made from
Nichols field (now Villamor Airbase) could be the very first radio station in the Pearl of the Orient.
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE RADIO
First Radio Network
Henry Hermann, founder of the Electrical Supply Company (Manila) gained permission, possibly
from local government and the military to operate more than one station. The test broadcasts
delivered music over the air to wealthy residents who owned radio receivers.
This network of test broadcasts, however, was summed up into one 100-watt powered AM station
bearing the call letters KZKZ on 729 kHz.
Radio Corporation of the Philippines (RCP) later bought KZKZ in October 1924.
RCP expanded in Cebu putting up KZRC (Radio Cebu) in 1929, which is now DYRC.
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE RADIO
Branded Radio Programs
All radio programs back in the day were English. They resemble pretty much like those radio
shows heard from the continental US. In fact, the sponsorships were also patterned after famous
American radio programs like the Listerine Amateur Hour or the Klim Musical Quiz.
Before KBP
Radio stations back then were not regulated until the year 1931. The Radio Control Board was
instigated under the US colonial government. The regulating agency took care of the license
applications and frequency allocation.
KZ was used because the Philippines was then a colony of America. All call letters of radio
stations in the US starter either with K or W.
Francisco Koko Trinidad, known as the father of Philippine Broadcasting attended the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 1947, held in Atlantic City in the US.
Trinidad proposed to use RP instead of KZ. But this was denied by the ITU and gave the letter D
as a replacement to KZ.
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE RADIO
“D” Was Originally for German Stations
Professor Elizabeth Enriquez of UP Manila, on her research, explained why Philippine radio
station call letters start with “D” and why it actually meant Deutscheland, or the German name of
Germany.
“Trinidad remembers insisting on changing the first two call letters of Philippine radio to RP, to
stand for Republic of the Philippines, in lieu of the American KZ. Koko wanted the world to know about the
newly independent republic through the radio call letters. The ITU rejected the call letters RP because of
the amount of trouble it would take to secure the approval of the entire international body, and the
international changes that might have become necessary for such a change.
However, the ITU, which decided to punish Germany for using radio for propaganda and to advance the
cause of Nazism, deprived Germany of its right to use the broadcast airwaves. The ITU then gave the
Philippines the right to use the call letter D (which had stood for Deutscheland, or the German name of
Germany)”
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE RADIO
So much has happened to the Philippine Radio industry since that historic 1922 test broadcast in
Nichols field. According to a historian, the Philippines was the first Asian country to operate a
radio station, ahead of China and even New Zealand.
AM Radio stations used to be in English, now all announcers speak vernacular. The FM band,
once dominated by American-sounding radio formats, are now favoring local sounds.
American roots and a Deutsch call letter, yet little is left of these foreign influences.
OUTLINE OF REPORT
I. A Review on Frequency Modulation
II. FM Transmitter
III. FM Receiver
IV. Introduction to Radiobroadcasting
V. A Review on the History of Philippine Radio
VI. FM Stations in the Philippines
VII. Introduction to FM Broadcasting
VIII. FM Broadcasting Standards
IX. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
X. Stereo FM
XI. Radio Data System
XII. Subsidiary Communications Authority
XIII. Quadraphonic FM
XIV. Reception Distance
XV. Coverage Maps
FM STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
FM STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
FM STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
OUTLINE OF REPORT
I. A Review on Frequency Modulation
II. FM Transmitter
III. FM Receiver
IV. Introduction to Radiobroadcasting
V. A Review on the History of Philippine Radio
VI. FM Stations in the Philippines
VII. Introduction to FM Broadcasting
VIII. FM Broadcasting Standards
IX. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
X. Stereo FM
XI. Radio Data System
XII. Subsidiary Communications Authority
XIII. Quadraphonic FM
XIV. Reception Distance
XV. Coverage Maps
FM BROADCASTING
FM broadcasting is a broadcast technology which utilizes frequency modulation (FM) to provide
When broadcasting first started in the 1920s amplitude modulation was the form of modulation
used. It was the obvious and the easiest way to transmit sound.
However as radio technology developed its shortcomings became more obvious. The long and
medium wave bands became more congested, giving rise to interference. Also the static and
other background noise meant that high quality transmissions were not feasible.
FM BROADCASTING
It had been thought that the key to improving quality was to narrow the bandwidth of the
transmission to reduce the amount of interference received. However this also reduced the
audio bandwidth that could be transmitted and in addition to this, much noise was still present.
The quest for higher quality transmissions lead to the introduction of wideband frequency
modulation. Although the first commercial stations were set up in the USA around 1939, it was
not until the 1950s that FM started to become really accepted. It was in 1954 that the BBC
announced their intention to start FM broadcasting. Now VHF FM is the accepted medium for
high quality transmissions, and stations that use AM on the medium and long wave bands have
to work hard to retain listeners who prefer the higher quality of VHF FM.
FM BROADCASTING
During 1930s, Edwin H Armstrong
By:
noise is more noticeable towards the treble end of the audio spectrum, where it can be heard
as a background hiss.
Pre-emphasis: the enhancement on high frequency components of input signal from the
receiver
frequency.
De-emphasis
circuit
To return the frequency
receiver.
Combined frequency response
OUTLINE OF REPORT
I. A Review on Frequency Modulation
II. FM Transmitter
III. FM Receiver
IV. Introduction to Radiobroadcasting
V. A Review on the History of Philippine Radio
VI. FM Stations in the Philippines
VII. Introduction to FM Broadcasting
VIII. FM Broadcasting Standards
IX. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
X. Stereo FM
XI. Radio Data System
XII. Subsidiary Communications Authority
XIII. Quadraphonic FM
XIV. Reception Distance
XV. Coverage Maps
Stereo VHF FM Broadcast
In recent years stereo transmission has become an accepted part of VHF FM transmissions.
MONO STEREO
OUTLINE OF REPORT
I. A Review on Frequency Modulation
II. FM Transmitter
III. FM Receiver
IV. Introduction to Radiobroadcasting
V. A Review on the History of Philippine Radio
VI. FM Stations in the Philippines
VII. Introduction to FM Broadcasting
VIII. FM Broadcasting Standards
IX. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
X. Stereo FM
XI. Radio Data System
XII. Subsidiary Communications Authority
XIII. Quadraphonic FM
XIV. Reception Distance
XV. Coverage Maps
Radio Data System (RSD)
Radio Data System (RDS) is a communications protocol standard for embedding small
Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS) is the official name used for the U.S. version of
RDS.
Radio Data System
RDS has been developed under the auspices of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 1974.
The aim of the system is the instant and unique identification of the FM station in order to help the radio
listener to find his/her way in the over-burdened FM radio band.
The System was developed primarily as a service for car radio reception, where reception conditions
may change within seconds, due to the nature of FM broadcasting in relation to a moving car. When
driving from one place to another, the RDS circuit constantly monitors the FM station and automatically
changes to the same programme on an alternative frequency/transmitter if the reception is
unsatisfactory.
Stationary radio receivers do not face the same problem as car radios. But the number of FM radio
stations in Europe exploded in the 1980's and the '90s. Today there are more than 20,000. In many
areas today up to 30 - 40 different stations can be received and this makes it extremely difficult to find
out which station you are actually listening to and whether the right station has been found. A basic
benefit of RDS is its ability to identify individual stations and show the identity on a display.
RDS Services
Programme Identification (PI)
PI is used in the RDS decoder in the receiver. None of the PI data is shown on the display. The
PI code identifies the radio station according to country, area coverage (options: local/national) and
programme reference number of the station. PI is the most significant data and must be broadcast in
every group - in some versions PI is sent in two of the blocks of a group.
stations are usually limited to 30—40 miles (48.3—64.4 km) They can also be blocked by hills.
This is less than the range of AM radio waves, which because of their lower frequency can
travel as ground waves or reflect off the ionosphere, so AM radio stations can be received at
108MHz), even if terrain is perfectly flat and you have your antenna on the top of the mountain
(ERP) of the station and the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT). The HAAT is
calculated in all directions based upon the average ground elevation between 1.5 and 10 miles
ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by the transmitter and the
ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction.
FM
DXSA-
FM