CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-On Training Workshop: Agriculture Sector

CGE
Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Hands-on Training Workshop
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
3A.1
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
GLOSSARY
AD: Activity Data
AI (Party): Annex I (Party)
AWMWS: Animal Waste Management System
CRF: Common Reporting Format
CS: Country Specific
EF: Emission Factor
EFDB: Emission Factor DataBase
GE: Gross Energy
GHG: GreenHouse Gas(es)
IE: Included Elsewhere
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MCF: Methane Conversion Factor
NAI (Party): non-Annex I (Party)
NE: Not Estimated
NO: Not Occurring
QA/QC: Quality Assurance and Quality Control
VS: Volatile Solids
3A.2
CONTENT
 PART 1. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW
 PART 2. INVENTORY ELABORATION

SIMULATION
3A.3
PART 1
GUIDELINES OVERVIEW
CONTENT
 Principles and definitions

 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
 Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (2000)
 Emission factor database (EFDB)
 IPCC software
3A.4
Principles and
Definitions
Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector
3A.5
PRINCIPLES
 National GHG Inventories should be precise and
reliable
 For this purpose, national GHG inventories
should meet the need for:
 Transparency
 Accuracy
 Completeness
 Consistency
 Comparability
3A.6
PRINCIPLES
 Transparency: assumptions and methodologies,
clearly explained to facilitate replication and
assessment by users of the reported information
 Consistency: inventory internally consistent in all its

elements with inventories of other years (same
methodologies for the base year and all subsequent
years; consistent data sets to estimate
emissions/removals from sources/sinks)
3A.7
PRINCIPLES
 Comparability: emissions/removals estimates reported
by AI Parties, comparable among them (methodologies
and formats agreed by the Conference of the Parties
(COP); allocation of source/sink categories, following
the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines)
 Completeness: all sources/sinks and all gases

included in the IPCC Guidelines, other existing relevant
source/sink categories specific to an AI Party and full
geographic coverage of sources/sinks of an AI Party
3A.8
PRINCIPLES
 Accuracy: relative measure of the exactness of

emission/removal estimate. Estimates are
systematically neither over nor under true
emissions/removals, as far as can be judged,
and uncertainties reduced as far as practicable.
Appropriate methodologies used, in accordance
with the IPCC Good Practice Guidance
3A.9
SOURCE CATEGORIES
 Only Source Categories:
 Related to animal production:
 Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions from ruminants and non-
ruminants
 Manure Management (4B1): CH4 emissions from manure managed
under anaerobic conditions
 Manure Management (4B2): N2O emissions from manure when treated
under different treatment systems
 Related to cropping systems: Rice cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from
the surface of soils kept under anaerobic conditions to cultivate rice
 Related to croplands: Agricultural Soils (4D): N2O emissions from the
surface of cropped soils due to anthropogenic N inputs; direct (primary)
and indirect (secondary) emissions are considered
 Use of fire:
 Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): non-CO2 gas emissions due to
savanna biomass burning
 Crop residue burning (4F): non-CO2
gas emissions due to dead biomass
burning
3A.10
SUMMARY TABLE: METHODS
 Enteric fermentation T1 T2
 Manure management – CH4 T1 T2
 Manure management – N2O T1
 Rice cultivation T1
 Agricultural soils T1a T1b
 Savanna burning T1
 Crop residue burning T1
3A.11
SUMMARY TABLE: GASES
SECTOR/Source category CO2 CH4 N2O CO NOX COVNM SO2
ENTERIC FERMENTATION X
MANURE MANAGEMENT X X
AGRICULTURAL SOILS X1 X
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE X2 X X X X X X3
BURNING
PRESCRIBED BURNING OF X2 X X X X X X3
SAVANNAS
RICE CULTIVATION X
1 No method available
2 Reported but not accounted
3 Not considered though present
3A.12
BASE DOCUMENTS
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories
<www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm>
(IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty


Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
<www.ipcc-
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/spanish/gpgaum_es.htm>
Database on GHG Emission Factors (web application

through <www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php>)
GHG Inventory Software for the Workbook
<www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/software.htm>
3A.13
Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
3A.14
REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES
 NAI Parties should use Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for
estimating and reporting their GHG inventories
 <www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm>
 Structure:
 Volume 1: GHG Inventory Reporting Instructions
 Volume 2: GHG Inventory Workbook
 Volume 3: GHG Inventory Reference Manual
 Complementary Resources:
 IPCC Software
 EFDB
 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were complemented with
the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance
3A.15
 General Notes on Guidelines (Agriculture)
 Scope: anthropogenic emissions from agricultural
sources, within national territories
 Data Quality and Time Frame: data of relatively poor
quality compared to other sectors; thus, annual
figures of 3-year averages are preferred
 Default Method: IPCC-GL provides default
methodologies, assumptions and data, but national
assumptions and data are always preferred.
 Uncertainties reported as point estimates rather than
as ranges of values
3A.16
 Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (1)
 Documentation Standards: Besides reporting tables,

report all worksheets used (with assumptions, AD, EF),
and any country specific methods used, definitions, etc.
 Important for transparency and completeness
3A.17
 Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (2)
 Verification and Uncertainty Assessment: Reporting

instructions recommend inventory verification by a set
of simple checks (to be performed by the Party) and to
conduct an uncertainty assessment
 Important for completeness and accuracy
3A.18
 Methodologies and Reporting (1)
 Methods: based on various “tiers”:
 Tier 1 is the default method
 For some sink/source categories, IPCC-GL provides higher tier
methods
 National methodologies, if consistent with IPCC, are
recommended over the default method

 Activity Data and Emission Factors: most methods are based on
multiplication of AD by one or more EFs.
 Tier 1 methods include default EF and even default AD
 NAI Parties, encouraged to use agroecological unit/
national/regional EFs
3A.19
 Worksheets: provided in Vol. 2. With aid of IPCC
software, data from worksheets is automatically
converted into sectoral and summary tables.
 Notation Key: NAI countries are encouraged to use a
notation key (i.e. NO, NE, NA, IE, C).
 Overview Table (8A): should be used to summarize
assessment of completeness (e.g. partial, full estimate,
not estimated) and quality (high, med., low)
 Data Completeness: in all tables, footnotes should be
added to indicate the completeness of the estimates.
3A.20
 Uncertainties: possible causes and how to manage
them are explained in Vol. 1, Annex 1.
 Documentation: Reports should include:
 Information to enable reconstruction of inventory
 All worksheets used in preparing the inventory
 Explanation and documentation of any national
methods/data used instead of IPCC default
 A written summary of verification procedures used, and
an assessment of quality/completeness of estimates.
3A.21
 Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (1)
 Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions by
ruminants and non-ruminants
 Information organized by animal species
 Tier 1 method based on multiplication of number of
animals in each category by an EF
 Tier 2 method (cattle only) uses enhanced
characterization of livestock, which results in estimation of
annual feed intake (parameter used to estimate specific
EFs)
3A.22
 Manure Management (4B): CH4 (4Ba) and N2O
(4Bb) emissions from decomposition of manure
during storage
 Information organized by animal groups and manure
management systems (MMS)
 Tier 1 method requires livestock population data by
climate region and animal waste management system
and uses default EFs.
 Tier 2 method estimates EF from manure
characteristics (VS, Bo, MCF) (for CH4 emissions from
cattle, swine and sheep)
3A.23
 Rice Cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from anaerobic
decomposition of organic materials in flooded fields. Any N2O
emissions reported under 4D.
 Only one method provided
 AD: harvested area by rice ecosystem and water
management type, use of organic amendments

 Basic EF estimated for permanent flooding and no organic
amendments
 Scaling of basic EF to account for crop practices, multiple
cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, addition of

organic amendments, soil type
3A.24
 Agricultural Soils (4D): covers N2O emissions only (no methods
are provided for CH4 emissions and removals, or for N2O removals).
Tier 1 method for both direct/indirect emissions
 Direct N2O emissions: requires AD (use of fertilizers and
manure, amount of N fixed by crops, amount of crop residues

returned to soil, N-fixing crops, area of cultivated histosols) and
2 EFs (one for N inputs into soil and one for cultivation of organic
soils)
 Indirect N2O emissions: 3 sources: (a) volatilization and
deposition of N in fertilizers/manure; (b) leaching and run-off of

applied fertilizers/manure; (c) discharge of human sewage into
rivers or estuaries
3A.25
 Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): Covers N2O, CH4,

CO and NOx emissions from the burning of savannas
 Tier 1 methods, based on estimation of AD and EF for

every gas, are provided
3A.26
 Field burning of agricultural residues (4F): covers N2O and
CH4 emissions for on-site burning of crop residues
 Tier 1 method similar to prescribed burning of savannas
is provided
 Other uses of crop residues (burning off-site, application
to soils or as animal forage) are excluded

 Submodules:
 Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize)

 Pulse (peas, lentils, beans, fabas)
 Tuber and Root (potatoes, beets)
 Sugar Cane
 Others (fruit trees, forest trees)
3A.27
Good Practice Guidance
and Uncertainty
Management in National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (2000)
3A.28
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(referred to here as GPG2000):
 Chapter 1, Introduction
 Chapter 2, Energy
 Chapter 3, Industrial Processes
 Chapter 4, Agriculture
 Chapter 5, Waste
 Chapter 6, Uncertainty
 Chapter 7, Methodology
 Chapter 8, QA/QC
Plus annexes and other general information
3A.29
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 GHG2000 complements the Revised 1996

IPCC Guidelines
 GHG2000 includes cross-cutting issues to

ensure the fulfilment of the quality requisites
 Quality requisites are compulsory for

AI Parties and recommendable for NAI
Parties
3A.30
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 Improvement due to GPG2000 mainly related to:
 For completeness: consideration of all sources/sinks,
gases, years, geographical coverage
 For accuracy:
 methodological focusing (method, emission factors, activity
data) through source-specific decision trees
 uncertainty measurements at source level
 QA/QC procedures, which may be general or located at
sectoral level
 For consistency: time-series development
 For transparency: reporting and documentation
3A.31
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 Document – mainly relates to methodological guidance for
an accurate Agriculture inventory elaboration
 Text and presentation – focused on the application of the

decision trees at source level
 To ensure the incidence of all the cross-cutting issues

(dealing with completeness, transparency, uncertainty,
QA/QC, time series), the inventory team must apply the
next checklist at the source level:
 is the source well covered (sub-sources, gases, years, space)?
 are the emission/capture estimates transparent?
 is uncertainty measured/estimated?
 are QA/QC procedures defined?
3A.32
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 Main methodological issues (linked to the decision
trees):
 Tier (method, procedure of calculation)
 Emission factors
 Activity data:
 Regularly collected statistics (AD1)
 Parameters (partitioning coefficients), measurable but
usually not collected (AD2)
Estimates = EF * AD1 * AD2
3A.33
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 It is good practice to:
 use country-specific tiers along with country-
specific emission factors, to better reflect
national conditions
 have emission factor per each environmental
unit of the Party
 use systematically and regularly published
activity data (AD1) and experimentally measured
parameters (AD2)
3A.34
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 EMISSION FACTORS:
 Development highly costly and not easy

 Very few NAI Parties investing in developing some
emission factors
 Majority of NAI Parties to use default emission factors
 Preference should be given to regionally obtained
emission factors
3A.35
GPG AND UNCERTAINTY
MEASUREMENT
 ACTIVITY DATA
 Main barrier for many NAI Parties: lack of proper activity
data (updated, detailed, checked, published)
 Key time for NAI Parties to improve collection systems
provided they are important for national planning
 Option for collectable data (AD1): database of international
organizations (FAO, IRRI)
 Option for non-collectable data (AD2): IPCC defaults,
values from other countries of the region, national experts’
opinion
3A.36
PREVIOUS STEPS:
KEY SOURCE DEFINITION (1)
 First step in producing national GHG inventory: Key

source definition (level, trend) produced at national
level
 For key sources, it is good practice to estimate

emissions/captures applying CS or tier 2 methods
and CS emission factors
 It allows better focusing of the financial and human

resources invested in the inventory
3A.37
PREVIOUS STEPS:
 NAI Parties are encouraged to fulfil this condition only if

they have the AD needed for the use of a detailed
methodological approach or can collect them without
jeopardizing the financial resources for the whole
inventory process
 If not, the level of detail must be reduced until a balance

with the available AD is reached
3A.38
PREVIOUS STEPS:
 From 2001 and 2002 AI Parties submissions,

Agriculture key sources were:
 Enteric fermentation (CH4) 100%

 Agricultural soils (direct N2O) 94%
 Agricultural soils (indirect N2O) 60%
 Manure management (CH4) 40%
 Manure management (N2O) 38%
 Rice cultivation, Crop residues
and Savanna Burning 10 - 0%
3A.39
PREVIOUS STEPS:
 If no previous information, NAI Party inventory team should assume

that:
 CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation and direct N2O emissions
from Agricultural Soils are most likely to be key sources, and
 indirect N2O emissions from Agricultural Soils will likely be a key
source, devoting the best efforts to them
 However, some source categories may be relevant for some groups of
NAI Parties:
 savanna burning for tropical countries with dry season
 crop residues burning for countries with Mediterranean climate
 rice production for Asian countries
 Inventory team should know the characteristics of the Agriculture

Sector to better target the always scarce financial resources
 Opinion of national experts highly desirable and appreciated
3A.40
PREVIOUS STEPS:
Mass balances for shared items (1)
 Some source categories are linked:

 “Enteric Fermentation”, “Manure Management” and “Agricultural
Soils” (for animal population and manure final uses)
 “Agricultural Soils” and “Burning of Agricultural Residues” (crop
residue final uses)
 Some activity data are shared (single livestock

characterization, as the best way to ensure consistency)
 Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to

avoid double counting of emissions (manure and crop
residues produced)
3A.41
PREVIOUS STEPS:
Mass balances for shared items (2)
 Consequently:
 Mass balance for crop residues (fractioning according
to different end uses)
 Mass balance for animal manure produced (direct
grazing and confinement, confined manure
disaggregated by AWMS)
3A.42
PREVIOUS STEPS:
Estimation of significance of sub-sources (1)
 Consequently:
 Quick assessment (under tier 1) of significance of:
 animal species for CH4-Enteric Fermentation
 animal species for CH4-Manure Management
 anthropogenic N inputs for Agricultural Soils
 Single livestock characterization, applying the detail

level (basic, enhanced) suggested by the species
significance for the source categories
3A.43
CROP RESIDUES MASS BALANCE
Crop
residues
Left on the field (on-site) Removed from the field (off-site)
Eaten by grazing Used as

animals fuel
Used as energy
Applied
source Raw
(biogas)
material for
to soils
Burned building materials
Feed suplemental
on-site for animals
Used as house
Decomposed firewood
on the field Other uses
Accounted under
4D. Agricultural Soils
Accounted under Accounted under

4F. Burning of 1. Energy
crop residues
3A.44
ANIMAL MANURE MASS BALANCE
Livestock
Under confinement
Open field
Derived to
AWMMs
Used as animal
feed suplement Manure for other
Manure used uses (building
as energy source From grazing
materials)
Manure applied animals
to soils
Accounted under
4B.
Manure Management
Accounted under
4.D.
Accounted under
Agricultural Soils
1. Energy
3A.45
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 Livestock data, needed for several source categories:
 CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation
 CH4/N2O emissions from manure management, and
 N2O emissions from agricultural soils
 Parties with important livestock activity should produce a

single characterization (enhanced/basic) of the animal
species
 It is also good practice to

 include all the animal species existing in the Party
 assess the contribution of each animal species to the total emission of
the individual source category (enteric fermentation and/or manure
management)
3A.46
DECISION
TREES:
Livestock
characterization
Goats, horses,
mules/asses,
poultry, (sheep)
Cattle, buffalo,
swine, (sheep),
species without
tier/EF
Recommended for species with

enhanced charactererisation,
when key source
Required for species

with high individual
contribution, when key source 3A.47
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 For animal species with a significant contribution to the source
emissions (25% or more), it is good practice to apply:
 enhanced (detailed) characterization – country-specific method/tier
2 – nationally disaggregated emission factors
provided there is no restriction of activity data
 The non-significant animal species:

 basic (not detailed) characterization – tier 1 – default emission
factors
 Recommendation: always enhanced characterization for cattle

and swine; buffalo and sheep may be included here depending
on national circumstances
3A.48
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 Basic Characterization
 list of livestock species and categories
 annual population data, by species and
category
 average annual milk production of dairy cows
 percentage of animals per climate region
existing in the Party
3A.49
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 Enhanced Characterization: in addition,
 disaggregation of species population into homogeneous
groups of animals (country-specific variations in age
structure and animal performance)
 livestock population by species, category and subcategory
 feed intake estimates for a typical animal in each
subcategory (used in the tier 2 enteric fermentation
emissions for cattle, buffalo, and sheep)
 estimates should be used to harmonize the estimated
manure and N excretion rates for CH4 and N2O emissions
from manure management and direct/indirect N2O
agricultural soil emissions
3A.50
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 Enhanced Characterization
 Animal performance, used to estimate gross energy (GE)
intake: amount of energy (MJ/day) an animal needs to
perform activities such as growth, lactation and pregnancy
 It is good practice to estimate GE intake based on animal
performance data
 If no activity data available, a survey should be conducted
to determine regional livestock production patterns and
regional animal distributions
 If not enough resources, assumptions may be based upon
the opinions of experts
3A.51
SINGLE LIVESTOCK
CHARACTERIZATION
 Characterization of animal species without
emission estimation method
 Some countries may have domesticated animals for

which IPCC has not reported methods (llamas, alpacas,
wapiti, emus, ostriches, deer, others)
 The IPCC good practice guidance recommends that
emission estimates should be based on country-specific
emission factors when they are likely to be significant
emission sources
3A.52
ENTERIC FERMENTATION
 CH4 emissions
 The decision tree for estimating CH4 emissions

from enteric fermentation (Figure 4.2 in IPCC
Good Practice Guidance) defines the route the
individual Party should follow to produce accurate
emission estimates
3A.53
DECISION TREE:
CH4 emissions
from Enteric
Event impossible
Fermentation
Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 2
>
Box 1
Buffalo, Sheep,
Goats, Horses,
For significant species Mules/Asses,
when not enough AD Poultry
Cattle, species with
significant individual
contribution to a Species with no
key source significant
contribution to
a key source 3A.54
 if there is no domestic animal production, not occurring (NO)
 if enteric fermentation occurs but not key source, the
recommended approach for all the species is:
basic characterization – tier 1 – default EF
 however, it is recommended to use enhanced characterization and
tier 2 for cattle, provided the Party has the necessary data
 if enteric fermentation occurs and key source, the

recommended approach for the significant animal species
(cattle and others) is:
enhanced characterization – tier 2 – CS EF
 if enteric fermentation occurs and key source, the non-
significant animal species can receive the basic approach:
3A.55
 Two methods for estimating emissions from enteric

fermentation:
 Tier 1, simplified approach, relies on default EFs drawn from

previous studies
 Tier 2, complex approach, requires detailed CS data on nutrient

requirements, feed intake and CH4 conversion rates for specific feed
types, to develop CS EFs for country-defined livestock categories
 CS EFs, derived from enhanced characterization. The IPCC good

practice guidance provides information to develop EF for cattle and
sheep (for buffalo, approach described for cattle can be applied)
3A.56
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 CH4 emissions
 single livestock characterization provides the data to
support the estimates
 default or CS EFs (based on manure characteristics,
Bo, VS, MCF, and manure management systems),
depends on the species significance
 decision tree defines the route the Party should
follow to produce accurate estimates (Figure 4.3 in
the IPCC good practice guidance)
3A.57
Event impossible
DECISION TREE:
CH4 emission
from Manure
Management
Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 3
>
Box 4
>
Box 2
If key source and Cattle, buffalo, >
high individual swine, (sheep),
contribution Box 1
species without
tier/EF
Goats, horses,
mules/asses,
poultry, sheep
3A.58
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 From the decision tree:
 if no domestic animal production, then “not occurring” (NO)
 if the source occurs but not key source, emission estimates

from all the species may be computed from the next
approach:
 if the source occurs and key source:
 for the significant species (normally cattle, sheep,
swine):
enhanced characterization – tier 2 – CS EFs
 for the non-significant species (normally, goats, camels,
horses, asses, mules, poultry):

3A.59
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 Tier 1 method requires livestock population data by animal
species, category, and climate region (i.e. cool, temperate,
warm)
 Tier 2 method requires detailed information on animal
characteristics and the manner the manure is managed;
activity data are:
 volatile solid (VS) excretion rates; Country-specific VS values are
based on estimated daily average feed intake, digestible energy of
the feed, and ash content of the manure
 maximum CH4 producing capacity of the manure (Bo), and
 CH4 conversion factor (MCF)
 Level depending on data availability and natural
circumstances. Parties should make their best for tier 2
3A.60
SOME TIPS
 For CH4 – Enteric Fermentation:
 Enhanced characterization and tier 2 for cattle (non-
dairy and/or cattle)
 Single characterization and tier 1 for the rest of the
animal species
 For CH4 – Manure Management:

 Enhanced characterization and tier 2 for swine and
cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle); exceptionally, sheep
and poultry
 Single characterization and tier 1 for the rest of the
animal species
3A.61
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 Main features from the decision tree:
 if no domestic animal production, then “not occurring”
 if the source occurs buy not key source, emission estimates for all
species may come from:
basic characterization – default emission factors
 if the source occurs and key source:
 for those significant species (normally cattle,
sheep, swine):
enhanced characterization – CS emission factors
 for the non-significant species (normally
goats, horses, camels, mules, asses,
poultry):
basic characterization – default emission factors
3A.62
SOME TIPS: summary table
ENTERIC MANURE
CHARACTERIZATION
ANIMAL SPECIES FERMENTATION MANAGEMENT
LEVEL
methane methane
DAIRY CATTLE SINGLE (ENHANCED) T1 (T2) T1 (T2)
NON-dairy
ENHANCED T2 T2
CATTLE
SHEEPS BASIC (ENHANCED) T1 T1 (T2)
GOATS BASIC T1 T1
HORSES BASIC T1 T1
MULES & ASSES BASIC T1 T1
SWINE ENHANCED T1 T2
POULTRY BASIC T1 T1 (T2)
OTHERS BASIC T1 T1
3A.63
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 N2O emissions
 To estimate emissions, the livestock data must come from
the single livestock characterization, to determine:
 annual average nitrogen excretion rate per head (Nex) for
each animal species/category (T)
 fraction of the total annual excretion for each livestock
species/category that is managed with each manure
management system type (MS)
 N2O emission factors for each manure management system
type
3A.64
Event impossible
DECISION TREE:
N2O emission
from Manure
Management
Accuracy of
estimates:
If KS
Box 3
>
Box 4
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
3A.65
MANURE MANAGEMENT
 Activity data – required in addition to those necessary for

the livestock characterization – are:
 annual average N excretion per head/category/species
 fraction of total annual excretion for each livestock species/category
that is managed in a manure management system
 If no available data on the distribution of manure
management systems, the Party should conduct a survey
 If not possible, values can be derived from expert opinions
 Parties are also encouraged to disaggregate the activity
data for each major climatic zone
3A.66
PRESCRIBED BURNING of
SAVANNAS
 Prescribed Burning of Savannas
 IPCC describes one method to estimate non-CO2 gas

emissions from savanna burning. Default activity data
and emission factors are available in the Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines
 Among AI Parties, key source only for Australia, but

very likely to be key source for many NAI Parties
3A.67
Event impossible
DECISION TREE:
GHG emission
If KS
from Savannas
Prescribed
Burning
If not KS Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
3A.68
PRESCRIBED BURNING OF
SAVANNAS
 Main features of the decision tree (Figure 4.5 in the
IPCC good practice guidance) are:
 if savannas do not exist, then “not occurring”

 if savanna burning occurs, but not key source,
emissions can be estimated using default factor
values
 if savanna burning occurs and key source, emissions
must be estimated using CS activity data and
emission factors, provided the activity data are
available and/or can be collected
3A.69
PRESCRIBED BURNING of
SAVANNAS
 IPCC method requires:
 value for the living fraction of aboveground biomass
 value for dead fraction of aboveground biomass
 value for the oxidized fraction after burning
 carbon fraction of living and dead biomass
 nitrogen/carbon ratio in the biomass
 combustion efficiency (molar ratio of emitted CO2 concentrations to the
sum of emitted CO and CO2 concentrations from savanna fires)
 Non-collectable activity data (parameters): field
measurements, expert judgment, default values
 IPCC good practice guidance refers to the IPCC Guidelines
for this source category
 Additional information, provided in Appendix 4A.1 of the IPCC
good practice guidance (describes some details of a possible
future revision of the methodology)
3A.70
FIELD BURNING OF CROP
RESIDUES
 One method available to estimate non-CO2 gas emissions
from agricultural residue burning
 When available, preference should be given to CS activity
data and emission factors
 Default activity data and emission factors, available in the
IPCC Guidelines and FAO database
 Primary uncertainty in estimating emissions of CH4 and N2O
from agricultural residue burning is the fraction of residue
burned in the field
 Avoid double counting of residue burned off-field as energy
source or other uses
 IPCC good practice guidance refers to the IPCC Guidelines
for this source category; additional information, in GPG-
Appendix 4A.2, for future revision of the methodology
3A.71
Event impossible
DECISION TREE:
GHG emission
If KS
from Crop
Residue Burning
If not KS
Accuracy of
If not CS-AD estimates:
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
If not CS-EF >
Box 1
If not CS-EF
3A.72
FIELD BURNING OF CROP
RESIDUES
 Main features derived from the decision tree:
 If not allowed, then “not ocurrying”
 If allowed but not key source, estimates may
arise from box 1 (default values)
 use of CS-EFs (box 2) desirable
 If allowed and key source, then estimates
may arise from box 4 (CS-EFs + CS activity
data)
 use of box 3 (CS EFs + default activity data)
is accepted
3A.73
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 N inputs (origin of direct N2O emissions):
 application of synthetic fertilizers (FSN)
 application of animal manure (FAM)
 cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops (FBN)
 incorporation of crop residues into soils (FCR)
 soil N mineralization due to cultivation of organic soils
(FOS)
 other sources, such as sewage sludge
 The inventory team must avoid double counting of
emissions from synthetic fertilizer, animal manure, and
other sources
3A.74
Event impossible
DECISION TREE:
If not KS
Direct N2O emission
from Agricultural
Soils
Accuracy of
If KS
estimates:
FAMSS NFCCR
Box 5 Box 3
> >
Box 4 Box 2
> >
Box 1
3A.75
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Main features from the decision -tree (Figure 4.7 in the IPCC
GPG):
 If no N applied to soils, then “not occurring”
 If N applied but not key source, emission estimates may arise
from T1a and default data (AD, EFs) for each N input (box 1)
 If N applied and key source, then CS activity data must be
provided for the significant N inputs
 For FSN, FAM, others: emission estimates should come from
T1a/b and CS data (AD, EFs) (box 5)
 acceptable to use default parameters and/or Efs
(box 4)
 For FCR, FBN, FOS: emission estimates should come from T1a/b
and CS emission factors (box 3)
 acceptable to use default EFs (box 2)
3A.76
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Only one tier for this source
 Two variations: 1a and 1b, depending on the
expansion of the equations
 Use of tier 1a or tier 1b is not related to the importance
of the source but to the availability of activity data
 Preference should be given to tier 1b equations, which
expand the number of terms in the equations
 For Parties with no necessary data, the simpler tier 1a
equations are acceptable
 Estimating emissions combining tier 1a and tier 1b
equations for different N inputs is also acceptable
 For some N inputs, no tier 1b equations available
3A.77
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Great volume of activity data. Highly unlikely that any Party would fulfill all the requirements
 Activity data (collectable, field measurement):
 nitrogen content of substrates (manure, crop residues, sewage sludges)
 synthetic fertilizers: amount of nitrogen applied to soils
 animal manure:
 total amount produced, disaggregated by confinement and direct grazing
 destination: 1) treated in animal waste management system (emissions from manure
management), 2) from grazing animals (emissions from animal production), 3) manure used
as fuel, 4) manure used as animal food, 5) manure applied to soils
 nitrogen fixing crops:
 area of nitrogen fixing crops (pulses) and nitrogen fixing forage crops
 residue/crop ratios
 crop residues:
 area of residue-producing crops,
 residue/crop ratios and residue percentage which is applied to soils
 histosols:
 area of cultivated histosols
 sewage sludge:
 amount of sewage sludge applied to soils
 nitrogen content in sewage sludge
 partition coefficients: FRACGASF, FRACGASM, FRACPRP, FRACSEWSLUDGE, FRACFUEL-AM,
FRACFEED-AM, FRACCONST-AM, FRACNCRBF, FRACDM, FRACNCRO, FRACBURN, FRACFUEL-CR
3A.78
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Indirect N2O emissions
 atmospheric deposition on soils of NOX and NH4+ associated with N
from the different inputs (method available for synthetic fertilizers
and animal manure)
 leaching and run-off of the N applied to soils (method available for
synthetic fertilizers and animal manure)
 disposal of sewage N (method available for discharge of sewage N
into rivers or estuaries)
 formation of N2O in the atmosphere from NH3 emissions originating
from anthropogenic activities (no method available)
 disposal of effluents from food processing and other operations (no
method available)
3A.79
DECISION TREE: Event impossible
Indirect N2O If KS
emission from
Agricultural
Soils
Accuracy of
estimates: If not KS
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
3A.80
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Main features derived from the decision tree (Figure
4.8 in the IPCC good practice guidance):
 If no N application, then “not occurring”
 If yes but not key source, emission estimates can
derive from the use of default ADs and EFs (box 1)
 Recommended to apply CS AD and EFs (box 2)
 If yes and key source, emission estimates must derive
from the use of CS AD, EFs and partitioning
parameters (box 4)
 Accepted to use default emission factors (box 3)
3A.81
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Activity data (collectable, field measurement):
 Nitrogen content in manures and sewage
 synthetic fertilizers: amount of nitrogen applied as fertilizers
 animal manure:
 total amount of animal manure produced
 amount of animal manure for other uses: 1) treated in animal
waste management systems, accounted under manure

management; 2) manure from grazing animals, accounted for
under animal production; 3) manure used as fuel; and 4) manure
used as animal food
 for sewage sludge: amount applied to soils
 partition coefficients: FRACGASF, FRACGASM, and FRACLEACH
3A.82
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 N2O emissions from animal production (pasture,
range, and paddock)
 Three potential sources of N2O emissions relating to
animal production:
 animals themselves (not accounted, assumed negligible)
 animal wastes during storage and treatment (accounted
for under manure management)
 dung and urine deposited by free-range grazing animals
(accounted for here)
3A.83
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
 Activity data can be taken from agricultural soils and
manure management:
 the data required to estimate N2O emissions from each relevant
animal waste management system used by the Party
 fraction of animal populations managed as direct grazing, per
animal species, and
 nitrogen excretion rates per animal species
 Methodology for N2O emissions from animal production

is addressed in the IPCC good practice guidance under
Manure Management
 It is also important that activity data come from a single

livestock characterization
3A.84
RICE PRODUCTION
 IPCC provides one method for estimating CH4 emissions
from rice production
 Method uses annual harvested areas and area-based
seasonally integrated emission factors. In its simplest form,
the IPCC method can be implemented using national
activity data (i.e. national total area harvested) and a single
emission factor
 Method can be modified to account for the variability in
growing conditions by disaggregating national total
harvested area into sub-units (e.g. harvested areas under
different water management regimes), provided specific
emission factors are available
 Decision tree defines the route Parties should follow to
produce accurate estimates (Figure 4.9 in the IPCC good
practice guidance)
3A.85
decision tree:
Event impossible
CH4 emissions
from Rice
If KS
Cultivation
If not KS
Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
3A.86
RICE PRODUCTION
 Main features derived from the decision tree:
 if no rice cultivation, then “not occurring”
 if yes but not key source, emissions can be estimated using
default emission factors (box 1)
 recommended to use scaling factors for other
factors including organic amendments
 if yes and key source, emissions should be estimated based on
data from each cropping region, CS emission factors, and scaling
factors for water management, organic amendments and soil type
(box 3)
 accepted not to use scaling factors
(box 2)
3A.87
RICE PRODUCTION
 Activity data on rice production and harvested area should be
available in most Parties’ national statistics
 Alternate options:
 FAO website: http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc
 IRRI's World Rice Statistics (e.g. IRRI, 1995)
 As cultivation area statistics may be biased, Parties are
encouraged to verify their harvested area statistics with
remote sensing data
 Parties are encouraged to complete a survey of cropping
practices to obtain data on the type and amount of organic
amendments applied
3A.88
IPCC Software
3A.89
IPCC software
 Intended to help in preparing GHG inventories
 Based on Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
 Available at:
 www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/software.htm
 Contains the same worksheets as in IPCC
Guidelines Workbook (Microsoft Excel
environment)
 Main advantage: automation of calculations and
preparation of reporting tables
3A.90
IPCC software
 Structure: Program is organized in several workbooks,
corresponding to ‘Overview’ and each of 6 sectoral modules
 Overview Workbook
 Contains 18 sheets corresponding to basic inventory data, sectoral
reports, Summary Report and Overview Table
 Sheets can either be filled in manually (if country does not use IPCC
methodology) or automatically updated with information introduced
into sectoral worksheets
 Overview tables (Table 8A) must be filled in manually
3A.91
IPCC software
Overview Workbook
Sheet containing
basic inventory
information
Sheets with
Sheets with sectoral report tables Summary Tables
IPCC software
 Agriculture Workbook
 To open workbook: click on ‘Sector’ on menu bar,
then click on ‘Agriculture’
 Contains 22 sheets corresponding to the different
worksheets included in IPCC Guidelines, Vol. 2
 While completing the sector worksheets, the sectoral
and summary tables in ‘Overview’ workbook will be
filled in automatically.
3A.93
IPCC software
Workbook
Agriculture
First sheet
Emission Factor
Database (EFDB)
3A.95
Emission factor database
(EFDB)
 General issues:
 Quality of national GHG inventories depends on reliable
EFs and activity data
 Although EFs reflecting national circumstances are
recommended, development is expensive, time-
consuming and necessitates a wide degree of expertise
 Process exceeds the capacity of the majority of the NAI
Parties
 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and good practice
guidance provide default EFs for almost all the
sources/sinks: some are region or country specific, but not
all regions or countries are covered
3A.96
(EFDB)
 General issues
 Sharing of research information would enable countries to use
or develop EFs more applicable to specific circumstances than
the IPCC defaults without bearing the associated research
costs
 Many countries indicated that an easily accessible public
database on GHG EFs with supporting scientific information
would improve the quality of the inventories in a cost-effective
way and support the future review/update of the IPCC
Guidelines
 This project was initiated in 2000 and a prototype database
was constructed in January 2002
 Prototype subjected to pilot testing by a number of inventory
experts from different countries and improvement
3A.97
(EFDB)
 Objectives
 to be a recognized library of GHG emission factors and

other parameters
 to contain background documentation or technical
references of emission factors and other parameters
 to serve as a communication platform for distribution
and commenting on new data from research and
measurement
3A.98
(EFDB)
 Researchers and the members of the scientific
community may incorporate their own findings, such
as emission factors and other parameters
 For that, contact the Task Force Bureau Technical
Support Unit (TSU) at ipcc-efdb@iges.or.jp
 New data will be evaluated for acceptance by the
EFDB Editorial Board
 In the end, the responsibility for using this information
appropriately will always remain with the users
themselves
3A.99
(EFDB)
 Criteria for Inclusion of new data
 robustness: value unlikely to change, within the accepted

uncertainty, if original measurement programme or modelling
activity is repeated
 applicability: an EF can only be applicable if the source and
its mix of technology, operating and environmental conditions
and abatement and control technologies are clear and allow
the user to see how it can be applied
 documentation: access information to the original technical
reference is provided to evaluate the robustness and
applicability as described above
3A.100
Emission factor database (EFDB)
 EFDB Editorial Board
Sergio González
(Chile)
3A.101
(EFDB)
 Data contained in the EFDB
 At present, EFDB contains only the IPCC default data and data
from CORINAIR94
 For Agriculture, data come mainly from the IPCC:
 Total of 1,387 inputs
 1,303 inputs from IPCC
 84 inputs from CORINAIR94
 87.2% devoted to CH4 and N2O
 New data will be provided by the scientific and inventory
community, and evaluated for acceptance by the EFDB

Editorial Board
3A.102
(EFDB)
 Data in the EFDB
IPCC CORINAIR TOTAL

Energy 3088 2249 5337
Industrial Processes 232 220 452
Solvent and Other Product Use 0 61 61
Agriculture 1303 84 1387
LUCF 716 0 716
Waste 331 22 353
TOTAL 5670 2636 8306
3A.103
(EFDB)
 Ways to access
 Web application
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php
 for all users to carry out on-line searches
 for data providers to submit new EFs or other parameters
 core of this system and new data will be made available
here first
 CD-ROM
 for all users (in particular those who have difficulty with
Internet connection) to carry out off-line searches
3A.104
EFDB Local CD-ROM application
Install the software, then this icon will appear on the

desktop of your computer. 3A.105
EFDB local CD-ROM application
 EFDB local CD-ROM application works with

Microsoft Access MDB file, which contains the
copy of the on-line web database
 The latest MDB file will be made available

 Through the Internet: At the "Downloads" section
of the web application
 In the form of CD-ROM: Will be distributed
annually or biannually, possibly on the occasion of
sessions of SBSTA or COP
3A.106
EFDB web application
3A.107
EFDB web application
Search Function: Find EF
3A.108
3A.109
3A.110
3A.111
3A.112
3A.113
3A.114
3A.115
3A.116

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CGE

Greenhouse Gas Inventory

 PART 1. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

 PART 2. INVENTORY ELABORATION

 Principles and definitions

Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

 Consistency: inventory internally consistent in all its

 Completeness: all sources/sinks and all gases

 Accuracy: relative measure of the exactness of

SECTOR/Source category CO2 CH4 N2O CO NOX COVNM SO2

(IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty

Database on GHG Emission Factors (web application

 Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (1)

 Documentation Standards: Besides reporting tables,

 Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (2)

 Verification and Uncertainty Assessment: Reporting

 For some sink/source categories, IPCC-GL provides higher tier

recommended over the default method

 NAI Parties, encouraged to use agroecological unit/

 AD: harvested area by rice ecosystem and water

management type, use of organic amendments

cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, addition of

manure, amount of N fixed by crops, amount of crop residues

deposition of N in fertilizers/manure; (b) leaching and run-off of

 Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4)

 Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): Covers N2O, CH4,

 Tier 1 methods, based on estimation of AD and EF for

to soils or as animal forage) are excluded

 Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize)

 GHG2000 complements the Revised 1996

 GHG2000 includes cross-cutting issues to

 Quality requisites are compulsory for

 Text and presentation – focused on the application of the

 To ensure the incidence of all the cross-cutting issues

Estimates = EF * AD1 * AD2

 Development highly costly and not easy

 First step in producing national GHG inventory: Key

 For key sources, it is good practice to estimate

 It allows better focusing of the financial and human

 NAI Parties are encouraged to fulfil this condition only if

 If not, the level of detail must be reduced until a balance

 From 2001 and 2002 AI Parties submissions,

 Enteric fermentation (CH4) 100%

 If no previous information, NAI Party inventory team should assume

 crop residues burning for countries with Mediterranean climate

 rice production for Asian countries

 Inventory team should know the characteristics of the Agriculture

 Some source categories are linked:

 Some activity data are shared (single livestock

 Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to

 animal species for CH4-Manure Management

 anthropogenic N inputs for Agricultural Soils

 Single livestock characterization, applying the detail

Left on the field (on-site) Removed from the field (off-site)

Eaten by grazing Used as

Accounted under Accounted under

 Parties with important livestock activity should produce a

 It is also good practice to

Recommended for species with

Required for species

 The non-significant animal species:

 Recommendation: always enhanced characterization for cattle

 Some countries may have domesticated animals for