Gas Power Cycle

Two principal types of reciprocating internal

combustion engines are the spark ignition (SI) engine
and the compression-ignition (CI) engine.

In a spark-ignition engine, a mixture of fuel and air is

ignited by a spark plug. (Small appliances,
automobiles)

In a compression-ignition engine, air is compressed

to a high enough pressure and temperature that
combustion occurs spontaneously when fuel is
injected. (Heavy trucks and buses, locomotives and
ships, auxiliary power units)
Actual and Ideal Four stroke Spark Ignition Engine
(Otto cycle)
Air Standard Cycle:
Idea Cycles that closely approximates the real cycle.

Assumptions:
•A fixed amount of air modeled as an ideal gas is the working
fluid.
•The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer from
an external source.
•There are no exhaust and intake processes as in an actual
engine.
•The cycle is completed by a constant-volume heat transfer
process taking place while the piston is at the bottom dead
center position.
•All processes are internally reversible.
The specific heats are assumed constant at their ambient
temperature values.
Air Standard Otto Cycle:

It consists of four internally reversible processes

1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
Cycle Analysis (Efficiency Calculation)
QH  QL Q mCv T4  T1 
otto  1 L  1
QH QH mCv T3  T2 
T1 T4 / T1  1
1
T2 T3 / T2  1
For process 1-2 and 3-4
 1  1
T2  V1  T3  V4 
    r  1 and    r  1
T1  V2  T4  V3 
T2 T3 T3 T4
 ;  V1 V4
r  compression ratio  
T1 T4 T2 T1 V2 V3

T1 1
otto  1   1   1
T2 r
Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle as a function of
compression ratio ( =1.4).

1
otto  1 
r  1
Air Standard Diesel Cycle:

It consists of four internally reversible processes

1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
Cycle Analysis (Efficiency Calculation)
QH  QL QL mCv T4  T1 
diesel   1  1
QH QH mC p T3  T2 
1T4  T1 
1
 T3  T2 
Process 1-2
 1
T2  V1 
  ; T2  T1r  1
T1  V2 
Process 2-3
Cut off ratio
V2 V3  V3 
 ; T3  T2  
T2 T3  V2 
T3  T2 .rc ; T3  T1r  1rc
Process 3-4
 1  1
T4  V3   V3 V2   1 1
   .  r
r  1
c
T3  V4   V2 V4 
 1 1 
T4  T r
3 c  1
 T1rc
r
1T4  T1 
diesel 1
 T3  T2 
1  rc  1 

diesel  1   1  
r    rc  1 
Air Standard Dual Cycle:

QH  QL QL mCv T5  T1 
dual   1  1
QH QH mCv T3  T2   mC p T4  T3 

1  r 
p c 1
r 
dual  1   1   where rp 
p3 V V
, rc  4 , r  1
r   rp  1  rp  rc  1  p2 V3 V2
Air Standard Brayton Cycle (George Brayton) :
The air-standard Brayton cycle is
the ideal cycle for the simple gas
turbine
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
Cycle Analysis (Efficiency Calculation)
QH  QL QL mC p T4  T1 
brayton   1  1
QH QH mC p T3  T2 
T1 T4 / T1  1
1
T2 T3 / T2  1

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic,

and P2 = P3 and P4 = P1.
For process 1-2 and 3-4
  1    1    1 
    1        1 
T2  P2     T3  P3 

  
     P2     
  

  r and  
p   r
p
T1  P1  T4  P4   P1 
T2 T3 T3 T4
 ; 
T1 T4 T2 T1
 T1 T4 / T1  1 T1
brayton 1  1
T2 T3 / T2  1 T2
1
brayton  1   1 
rp

Thermal efficiency of the

ideal Brayton cycle as a
function of pressure ratio (
=1.4).
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine
Cycles from Idealized Ones

Isentropic efficiencies of compressor

isentropic work c p T2 s  T1 

c  
actual work c p T2 a  T1 

Isentropic efficiencies of turbine

actual work c p T3  T4 a 

t  
isentropic work c p T3  T4 s 
A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 8.
The minimum and maximum temperature in the cycle are 310K and 1160K.
Determine (a) the air temperature at the turbine exit, (b) the network output
and (c) the thermal efficiency. [640.388K, 269.42kJ/kg, 44.79%]
Redo the problem by taking an isentropic efficiency of 75% for the compressor
and 82% of the turbine. [734.0K, 91.0kJ/kg, 17.59%]
T1  310 K , T3  1160 K , rp  8
  1 
    1 
T2  P2    


0.4

   rp   81.4  1.8114

T1  P1 
T2  310 *1.8114  561.53K
T3  1160 K
  1  0.4
T3 
 

 rp 8 1.4
 1.8114
T4
T4  1160 /1.8114  640.388 K turbine exit temperature
QH  c p T3  T2   1.005 * 1160  561.53  601.46kJ / kg
QL  c p T4  T1   1.005 *  640.388  310   332.04kJ / kg
Network output  Wt  Wc    QH  QL 
 601.46  332.04  269.42kJ / kg
net work 269.42
efficiency,   
Heat sup plied 601.46
 44.72%
Wc c p T2  T1 
Back work ratio  
WT c p T3  T4 


 561.53  310   0.484
1160  640.388