GAS TURBINE

Course Contents
1. Introduction
2. Gas Generator
3. Power Turbine
4. Instrumentation
5. Lube Oil System
6. Fuel Gas System
7. Ignition System
8. Blow - off and Instrument - air System
9. Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) Adjustment System
10.Start - up System
11.Exhaust System
Introduction
What is the Gas Turbine ?
A gas turbine is a heat engine that converts heat energy
into mechanical energy, The heat energy is produced by
burning fuel with the oxygen of air
Historic tips on Gas Turbines Invention
Giovanni Branca’s engine
 Flow Diagram for Gas Turbines

Simple Cycle / Single shaft Simple Cycle / Split shaft

 ENGINE FIELDS OF OPERATION
Single Shaft Split Shaft
 Generation for small  Generation (poor
engines response times on
smaller engines)
 Oil pumps
 Gas compressors
 Water injection pumps
Brayton cycle for Turbine Engine
Pressure and temperature curve in the gas turbine
Typical THM Gas Turbine
Gas Generator
Main components (GG)
◙ Inlet casing.
◙ Compressor.
◙ Two combustion chambers in a V arrangement.
◙ Two - stage high - pressure turbine (HP turbine).
Function
◙ Aspirated air is drawn into the compressor
◙ Discharged into the two combustion chambers
◙ Air is mixed with fuel and,
◙ Ignited and combusted.
◙ Portion of the compressor air used for cooling
- Combustion chambers
- HP turbine.

◙ Hot exhaust gases flow via a gas collector into two-

stage HP turbine as driver of compressor rotor.

◙ Remaining exhaust energy is used to drive the

power turbine which in turn drives.
- Electric generator or pipeline compressor.
Power Turbine (PT)

Main components

◙ Casing.
◙ Turbine shaft.
◙ Two - Stage turbine rotor.
◙ Two- Stage stator blade carrier
on the inlet flange.
◙ Exhaust elbow on the exit
flange.
Function

PT converts the energy contained in the

exhaust gases from the gas generator into a
rotary motion via the power take-off shaft to
the driven machine.
Core turbine instrumentation
Installed on the gas generator and the power turbine.
Required for:
- closed-loop control
- monitoring operating conditions.
Measuring systems
◙ Speed,

◙ Pressure,

◙ Vibration

◙ Temperature
Lube oil system

Function

◙ lubrication and Cooling of:

- GG and PT journal bearings

- Auxiliary gear bearings

- Bearings of the driven machine.

Main components
◙ Oil tank integrated
in the GT base frame.
◙ Lube oil pumps
- Main
- Auxiliary
- Emergency
◙ Oil cooler,
◙ Dual oil filter,
◙ Oil mist separator,
◙ Temperature and pressure control valves.
◙ Instruments for pressure and temperature
monitoring.
 Fuel gas system
Function

◙ Supplies the gas generator

with appropriately conditioned
fuel gas.
◙ Supplies the start-up system

Main components
◙ Pressure relief valves shut-off valves
◙ Separators and filters
◙ Pressure and temperature monitoring devices.
◙ Fuel gas control valve
 Ignition System
Main components
 Two ignitors
 Two high-voltage ignition
transformers.

Location
 Ignitors laterally inserted into
combustion chamber housing.
 Ignition transformers installed
in terminal box.
 Blow-off and instrument air system
Function
 Bypass for compressed air from
the third, sixth and last air stages
(radial stage) to prevent the
compressor from surging
under certain unfavorable
operating conditions, this blow-off
air being conducted via the
exhaust duct into the atmosphere.
Main components
 Blow-off valves
 Surge detector on the
GG inlet casing
Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) Adjustment System
Main components
◙ GG compressor inlet casing

◙ 18 moving inlet guide vanes

◙ Adjustment mechanism

◙ Stepping motor

◙ Position transmitter

◙ Two limit switches

Function

◙ To regulate air flow during start-up, shut-down an partial

load operations.

◙ To ensure optimum GG compressor

efficiency throughout entire speed range.

◙ To guarantee favorable air-fuel ratio.

◙ To avoid compressor surging.

Start-up System
Function
◙ To ventilate prior to ignition
- To purge gas residues from core turbine
- Forming downstream heat recovery system
◙ To accelerate GG rotor to
- Ignition speed
- Self-holding speed
- Cleaning speed
Main components

◙ Turbo-starter (expander screw machine),

◙ Two emergency stop/trip valve shutoff valves

◙ Pressure control valve

◙ Devices for monitoring pressure and speed.

Exhaust system

Main components
◙ Expansion joint,
◙ Adapter ducting,
◙ Silencer and
◙ Exhaust stack (chimney).

Discharge of the exhaust

laterally or vertically up

 Connection to heat recovery steam generator

(waste heat boiler).
Cleaning system “off -line”
Function
 To regularly clean the gas generator
particularly the compressor blading.
 Removal of the dirt deposits extensively remedies power
and efficiency losses and avoids corrosion damage.
 cleaning solution is injected into the gas generator.
 start system is briefly operated to turn GG rotor
(“off -line” operation)
Main components
 Four nozzles for injection of cleaning fluid.
 Cleaning fluid supply.
 Tank.
 Motor with pump.
 Valves.