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Prepared by: Basel Abdelmawla

Supervised by: Dr.Maha Abd El Kerim

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Table Of Contents:
Pipeline Methodology.

Tests of Oil.

Maintenance of Pipes.

Types of Tanks.

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Pipeline Methodology
History of pipe lines.
Type of Pipe lines.
Way of pumping.
Place of pipe lines.
Adjusting Pipe lines methods.

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Oil Tests:
 Oil tests are used in making some investigations, analysis
about petroleum & checking many different factors to
ensure:
1) Type of material.
2) Quality of material.
3) Amount of material.
4) Cost according to density and quality.

 The tests used are: Density test, Quality test, Desalter


test, Pour point, Flash point and Viscosity test.

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Density Test
Measure the density of
the material by using the
hydrometer.

 Applying the tests on


small samples below 20
degrees.

Continuous slow stirring.

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Quality Test (API)
API: The equation is used to identify the quality of the
material and then its price can be calculated by the
following equation:

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Pour Point Test
 The critical point in which the
material starts freezing and
loses its flow characteristics.
 Very dangerous phenomenon
so we try to avoid it and protect
the pipe lines from reaching it.
 Pipe lines located
underground or under the seas
must be protected more
efficiently identify the pour
point and
 We adjust the pour point either
by increasing temperature or
by usage of catalyst

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Flash Point Test
 The flash point of
a volatile material is the
lowest temperature which
vapors of the material will
ignite, when given an ignition
source.
 The flash point is a descriptive
characteristic that is used to
distinguish
between flammable liquids,
such as petrol
and combustible liquids, such
as diesel.
 It is also used to characterize
the fire hazards of liquids.

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Viscosity Test
 Viscosity is a measure of a
fluid’s resistance to flow.
 The viscosity of a crude oil
affects our ability to pump
it out of the ground.
 Errors of 1 percent product
viscosity.

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Maintenance of Pipelines
There are different ways and different needs in the
maintenance of the pipe lines such as :
1) Coating.
2) Intelligent Pigging.
3) Hot Tapping.
4) Cathodic Protection.

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Coating
 Coating is very essential in the maintenance system to
help the pipelines fight corrosion therefore coatings
varies between different pipe lines depend on some
issues:
1) Type of desired transported material.
2) Temperature of the country which pipelines are found at.
3) Place of pipelines whether it is under ground or above ground.
4) Place of pipelines whether it is on land or beneath water.
The laying of the pipes always provides free access in
order to be repaired and fixed easily.
Types of coatings.

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Intelligent Pigging
Types of Pigs.
Methodology of its working.
Problems investigated by the Pig.

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Hot Tapping
Method of making a
connection to existing
piping or pressure
vessels without the
interrupting or emptying
that section of pipe or
vessel.
Restrictions of Hot
tapping.
Stoppling.

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Cathodic protection
 Method to control corrosion by
using a direct electrical current
which neutralizes external
corrosion typically associated
with metal pipe.
 It is generally used when a
pipeline is buried underground
or in water.
 When executed on a new
pipeline, cathodic protection
can prevent corrosion from the
start.
 On an older pipeline, cathodic
protection can impede existing
corrosion of the line.

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Storage Tanks

Storage tanks containing organic liquids, non organic
liquids, vapors and can be found in many industries.
Most storage tanks are designed and built to the
American Petroleum Institute API-650 specification.
These tanks can have different sizes, ranging from 2 to
60 m diameter or more.
Tanks for a particular fluid are chosen according to
the flash-point of that substance.

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Fixed Roof Tanks
 It is the least expensive to
construct and the least
accepted design for storing
liquids.
 Storage tanks are usually
fully welded and designed
for both liquid and vapor
tight.
 Fixed roof tanks are meant
for liquids with very high
flash points.
 Breather valve and its
function.

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Floating Roof Tanks
 It is commonly used to
store large quantities of
petroleum products such
as crude oil or condensate.
 The roof rises and falls
with the liquid level in the
tank.
 Eliminates breathing
losses and greatly reduces
the evaporative loss of the
stored liquid.
 Advantages and
Disadvantages.

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Spherical Tanks
This type of vessel is
preferred for storage of
high pressure fluids.
The idea of the design.
Advantages and
Disadvantages.
Risks of Spherical tanks.

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References
 http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/MElmiah12/
Takrer/sec14.doc_cvt.htm
 http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/1347/centrifu
ge-contaminants
 https://industrialfilters.mann-
hummel.com/fileadmin/user_upload/kataloge/MANN_H
UMMEL_Centrifuges_EN.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point
 http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/411/oil-
viscosity

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