 init is the parent of all processes on the

system.
 it is executed by the kernel and is
responsible for starting all other processes.
 it is the parent of all processes whose
natural parents have died.
 it is responsible for reaping those when
they die.
 Processes managed by init are known as
jobs, and can be further split into two types
1: Services are supervised and respawned if they
should terminate unexpectedly,

2:Tasks are simply run once and not respawned if

they should terminate.
 This includes the particulars about what
binary or shell script code should executed
while the job is running, and which events
can cause the job to be started or stopped.
 init is an event-based init daemon.
 This means that jobs will be automatically

started and stopped by changes that occur

to the system
 This is different to dependency-based init

daemons which start a specified set of goal

jobs.
 Resolve the order in which they should be

started and other jobs required by iterating

their dependencies.
 The init process reads the file "/etc/inittab"
and uses this file to determine how to
create processes.
 init is always running and can dynamically

do things and run processes based upon

various signals.
 The administrator can also cause it to

dynamically change system processes and

runlevels by using the telinit program or
editing the "/etc/inittab" file.
 Unix and Linux utilize what is called

"runlevels".
 The "/etc/inittab" file instructs init which
runlevel to start the system at and describes
the processes to be run at each runlevel.
 A runlevel is a software configuration of the
system which allows only a selected group
of processes to exist.

 The processes spawned by init for each of

these runlevels are defined in the
/etc/inittab file.
 A runlevel is a software configuration of the
system that allows only a selected group of
processes to exist.

 Init can run the system in one of eight

runlevels. These runlevels are 0-6 and S or
s.

 The system runs in only one of these

runlevels at a time. Typically these runlevels
are used for different purposes.
 The runlevel is changed by having a
privileged user run telinit, which sends
appropriate signals to init, telling it which
runlevel to change to.
 Runlevels 0, 1, and 6 are reserved.
 Runlevel 0 is used to halt the system,
 runlevel 6 is used to reboot the system,
 runlevel 1 is used to get the system down

into single user mode.

 Runlevel S is not really meant to be used

directly, but more for the scripts that are

executed when entering runlevel 1.
 UNIX was not made to be shut down, but if
you really must, use the shutdown command.
After completing the shutdown procedure,

 -h option will halt the system,

 -r will reboot it.

 BIOS: The Basic Input/Output System is the
lowest level interface between the computer
and peripherals.
 The BIOS performs integrity checks on

memory and seeks instructions on the Master

Boot Record (MBR) on the floppy drive or hard
drive.
 The MBR points to the boot loader.
 Boot loader (GRUB or LILO) will then ask for
the OS label which will identify which kernel
to run and where it is located (hard drive and
partition specified).
 The installation process requires to

creation/identification of partitions and

where to install the OS.
 GRUB/LILO are also configured during this

process.
 The boot loader then loads the Linux

operating system.
 The first thing the kernel does is to execute
init program.
 Init is the root/parent of all processes

executing on Linux.
 The first processes that init starts is a

script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
 Based on the appropriate run-level, scripts

are executed to start various processes to run

the system and make it functional.