AR231 Chap07 ForcesinBeamsandCables

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13
Forces in Beams and Cables
11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 1

Introduction
• Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.
• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) which hold
together the various parts of a given member.
• Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed
to support loads applied at various points along the member.
b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding only
tension, designed to support concentrated or distributed loads.

Internal Forces in Members

• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
• Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are
required for equilibrium of free-bodies
AC and CB.
• Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-

ibrium under application of cable and
member contact forces.
• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

couple system are necessary for equil-
ibrium of free-bodies JD and ABCJ.
• An internal force-couple system is
required for equilibrium of two-force
members which are not straight.

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and forces at
connections for each member.
• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

forces at J are represented by equivalent
force-couple system which is determined
by considering equilibrium of either part.
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine

force-couple system equivalent to
Determine the internal forces (a) in
internal forces at K by applying
member ACF at point J and (b) in
equilibrium conditions to either part.
member BCD at K.

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
7.1
• Compute reactions and connection forces.
Consider entire frame as a free-body:

ME  0:
 2400 N 3.6 m   F 4.8 m   0 F  1800 N
 Fy  0 :
 2400 N  1800 N  E y  0 E y  600 N
 Fx  0 : Ex  0

Sample Problem 7.1

Consider member BCD as free-body:
MB  0:
 2400 N 3.6 m  C y 2.4 m  0 C y  3600 N
 MC  0 :
 2400 N 1.2 m  B y 2.4 m  0 B y  1200 N
 Fx  0 :  Bx  C x  0
Consider member ABE as free-body:

MA  0: Bx 2.4 m  0 Bx  0
 Fx  0 : Bx  Ax  0 Ax  0
 Fy  0 :  Ay  B y  600 N  0 Ay  1800 N
From member BCD,
 Fx  0 :  Bx  C x  0 Cx  0

Sample Problem 7.1

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent force-couple system.
Consider free-body AJ:
MJ  0:
 1800 N 1.2 m   M  0 M  2160 N  m
 Fx  0 :
F  1800 N  cos 41.7  0 F  1344 N
 Fy  0 :
V  1800 N  sin 41.7  0 V  1197 N

Sample Problem 7.1

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
Consider free-body BK:
MK  0:
1200 N 1.5 m   M  0 M  1800 N  m
 Fx  0 : F 0
 Fy  0 :
 1200 N  V  0 V  1200 N

Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
• Beam - structural member designed to support

loads applied at various points along its length.
• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

distributed loads or combination of both.
• Beam design is two-step process:

1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments

Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

supported.
• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they
involve only three unknowns. Otherwise, they are
statically indeterminate.

Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam

• Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point in a
beam subjected to concentrated and
distributed loads.
• Determine reactions at supports by

treating whole beam as free-body.
• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown.
• From equilibrium considerations,

determine M and V or M’ and V’.

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V   P 2 M   Px 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V   P 2 M   P L  x  2
• For a beam subjected to

concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.

Sample Problem 7.2

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.

Sample Problem 7.2

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
 Fy  0 :  20 kN  V1  0 V1  20 kN
 M 2  0 : 20 kN 0 m   M 1  0 M1  0
Similarly,
V2  20 kN M 2  50 kN  m
V3  26 kN M 3  50 kN  m
V4  26 kN M 4  28 kN  m
V5  14 kN M 5  28 kN  m
V6  14kN M 6  0 kN  m
Sample Problem 7.2

• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.

Sample Problem 7.3

0.75 m
SOLUTION:
0.75 m
0.5 m
2m
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
2 kN calculate reaction B.
3 kN/ m
E
• Determine equivalent internal force-
A
C D B couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
• Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 3 kN/m. extends
over 2 m. of the beam, from A to C,
and the 2 kN load is applied at E.

Sample Problem 7.3

SOLUTION:
0.75 m
0.75 m
0.5 m
2m
2 kN
reaction at B .
3 kN/ m
E MB  0:
2kN0.75 m.  6kN3m.   M B  0
A
C D B
M B  19.5kNm
0.75 m
1.25 m
 Fx  0 :
2m
Bx  0
3 kN/ m 2 kN F y  0: By  6kN  2kN  0

B Bx
A
C D
MB B y  8kN
1 kNm By • Note: The 2 kN load at E may be replaced by a 2 kN

force and 1 kNm couple at D.

Sample Problem 7.3

0.75 m
2m 1.25 m • Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
3 kN/ m 2 kN 19.5 kNm at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
B From A to C:
A
3x 12 x   M  0
C D 3
 M1  0 :
1 2
8 kN
1 kNm
M  1.5 x 2
M
 Fy  0 :  3x  V  0 V  3x
0  x  2m
x
V
M From C to D:
x
V
 Fy  0 :  6 V  0 V  6
M2  0: 6x 1  M  0 M  6  6x kN  m.
2 kN
M
x
1 kNm V 2m  x  2.75m
V From D to B:
 Fy  0 :  6  2 V  0 V  8
- 6 kN
M  0 : 6x 1  2( x  2.75) 1  M  0

-8 kN
3
M
- 6 kNm - 9.5 kNm M  12.5  8x kN  m.
- 10.5 kNm - 19.5 kNm 2.75m  x  4m
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relations between load and shear:
V  V  V   wx  0
dV V
 lim  w
dx x 0 x
xD
VD  VC    w dx  area under load curve
xC
• Relations between shear and bending moment:
M  M   M  Vx  wx x  0
2
dM
 lim
M

 lim V  12 wx  V
dx x0 x x0

xD
M D  M C   V dx  area under shear curve
xC

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

wL
• Reactions at supports, R A  RB 
2
• Shear curve,
x
V  V A    w dx   wx
0
wL L 
V  V A  wx   wx  w  x 
2 2 
• Moment curve,
x
M  M A   Vdx
0
 
x
L  w
M   w  x dx  L x  x 2
0 2  2
wL2  dM 
M max   M at  V  0
8  dx 

Sample Problem 7.6

SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
7.6
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A  0,   w   w0
dx
VB  V A   12 w0 a VB   12 w0 a
dV
at B,  w  0
dx
• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

zero.

Sample Problem 7.6

• The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A  0, V  0
dx
M B  M A   13 w0 a 2 M B   13 w0 a 2
M C  M B   12 w0 a L  a  M C   16 w0 a3L  a 
• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

Cables With Concentrated Loads

• Cables are applied as structural elements
in suspension bridges, transmission lines,
aerial tramways, guy wires for high
towers, etc.
• For analysis, assume:
a) concentrated vertical loads on given
vertical lines,
b) weight of cable is negligible,
c) cable is flexible, i.e., resistance to
bending is small,
d) portions of cable between successive
loads may be treated as two force
members
• Wish to determine shape of cable, i.e.,
vertical distance from support A to each
load point.

Cables With Concentrated Loads

• Consider entire cable as free-body. Slopes of
cable at A and B are not known - two reaction
components required at each support.
• Four unknowns are involved and three
equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to
determine the reactions.
• Additional equation is obtained by
considering equilibrium of portion of cable
AD and assuming that coordinates of point D
on the cable are known. The additional
equation is  M D  0.
• For other points on cable,
 M C2  0 yields y2
 Fx  0,  Fy  0 yield Tx , Ty
• Tx  T cos  Ax  constant

Cables With Distributed Loads

• For cable carrying a distributed load:
a) cable hangs in shape of a curve
b) internal force is a tension force directed along
tangent to curve.
• Consider free-body for portion of cable extending
from lowest point C to given point D. Forces are
horizontal force T0 at C and tangential force T at D.
• From force triangle:
T cos  T0 T sin   W
W
T  T02  W 2 tan 
T0
• Horizontal component of T is uniform over cable.
• Vertical component of T is equal to magnitude of W
measured from lowest point.
• Tension is minimum at lowest point and maximum
at A and B.

Parabolic Cable
• Consider a cable supporting a uniform, horizontally
distributed load, e.g., support cables for a
suspension bridge.
• With loading on cable from lowest point C to a

point D given by W  wx , internal tension force
magnitude and direction are
wx
T  T02  w2 x 2 tan 
T0
• Summing moments about D,
x
 D
M  0 : wx  T0 y  0
2
or
wx 2
y
2T0
The cable forms a parabolic curve.

Catenary
• Consider a cable uniformly loaded along the cable
itself, e.g., cables hanging under their own weight.
• With loading on the cable from lowest point C to a
point D given by W  ws , the internal tension force
magnitude is
T0
T  T02  w2 s 2  w c 2  s 2 c
w
• To relate horizontal distance x to cable length s,

T ds
dx  ds cos  0 cos 
T q  s2 c2
s
ds s x
x  c sinh 1 and s  c sinh
0 q  s2 c2 c c

Catenary
• To relate x and y cable coordinates,
W s x
dy  dx tan   dx  dx  sinh dx
T0 c c
x
x x
y  c   sinh dx  c cosh  c
0 c c
x
y  c cosh
c
which is the equation of a catenary.

Examples

Example (Beer & Johnston)

SOLUTION:
1.6 m 1.4 m
1.8 kN/ m
calculate reactions A&B.
D
A B
C • Determine equivalent internal force-
4 kN
couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
• Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 1.8 kN/m. extends
over 2.6 m. of the beam, from A to D,
and the 4 kN load is applied at C.


SOLUTION:
1.6 m 1.4 m
1.8 kN/ m
reaction at B .
D
A
C
B MB  0:
4 kN 1.8kN / m2.6 m2.7m  4kN 2.4m  Ay 4m  0
Ay  5.559kN
1.6 m 1.4 m
1.8 kN/ m
 Fx  0 : Ax  0
Ax A D
F By  5.559kN  4kN  1.8kN / m(2.6m)  0
B
C y  0:
B y  3.121kN
Ay 4 kN By

1.6 m 1.4 m
1.8 kN/ m
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
D at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
A
From A to C: 0  x  1.6m
C
 5.56 x  1.8x 12 x   M  0
2 3
1
4 kN  M1  0 :
M
By
M  5.56 x  0.9 x 2
x
V  Fy  0 : 5.56 1.8x V  0 V  5.56 1.8x
M From C to D: 1.6m  x  2.6m
x
4 kNV F y  0: 5.56 1.8x   4  V  0 V  1.56 1.8x
 x
M 2  0 :  5.56 x  1.8 x   4 x  1.6  M  0

x
M 2
V M  0.9 x 2  1.56 x  6.4
5.56 kN
4 kN
2.68 kN
From D to B: 2.6m  x  4m
V -1.32 kN
-3.12 kN
-3.12 kN  Fy  0 : 5.56  4.68  4 V  0 V  3.12 kN
6.59 kNm
4.37 kNm M 3  0 :  5.56x  1.8(2.6)x 1.3  4x 1.6  M 
M 0 kNm
M  3.12 x  12.484 kN  m.

SOLUTION:
2 kN/ m 2 kN/ m calculate reactions A&G.
C G
A B • Determine equivalent internal force-
D E F
couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DE. Use
symmetry for the rest of the beam.
• Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB.


SOLUTION:
2 kN/ m 2 kN/ m
G reaction at G .
C
B
D E F M G  0:
2kN / m0.25 m0.725m  0.5kN 0.45m  1.50.30  0.15

 2kN / m0.25m0.125m  Ay 0.6m  0
Ay  1.375kN
2 kN/ m
G
2 kN/ m
 Fx  0 : Ax  0
C
B
Ax D E F
Ay Gy
F y  0: Gy  1.375kN  22kN / m(0.25m)  0.5kN  0.5kN  0.75kN  0

G y  1.375kN

2 kN/ m 2 kN/ m
C G
B
D E F
1.375 kN 1.375 kN
0.875 kN 0.5 kN
0.375 kN
V 0 0
-0.375 kN
-0.5 kN -0.875 kN
0.125 kNm
0.06875 kNm
0.06875 kNm
M 0 0
-0.0625 kNm -0.0625 kNm

AR231 Chap07 ForcesinBeamsandCables

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR231 Fall12/13

Forces in Beams and Cables

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 1

• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

• Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 2

Internal Forces in Members

• Multiforce member ABCD is in equil-

• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 3

Sample Problem 7.1

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 4

Consider entire frame as a free-body:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 5

Sample Problem 7.1

Consider member ABE as free-body:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 6

Sample Problem 7.1

Consider free-body AJ:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 7

Sample Problem 7.1

Consider free-body BK:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 8

Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

• Beam - structural member designed to support

• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

• Beam design is two-step process:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 9

Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 10

Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam

• Determine reactions at supports by

• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

• From equilibrium considerations,

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 11

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• For a beam subjected to

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 12

Sample Problem 7.2

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 13

Sample Problem 7.2

Sample Problem 7.2

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 15

Sample Problem 7.3

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 16

Sample Problem 7.3

3 kN/ m 2 kN F y  0: By  6kN  2kN  0

1 kNm By • Note: The 2 kN load at E may be replaced by a 2 kN

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 17

Sample Problem 7.3

M  0 : 6x 1  2( x  2.75) 1  M  0

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relations between shear and bending moment:

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 19

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 20

Sample Problem 7.6

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 21

• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

11.06.2018 Dr. Engin Aktaş 22