Ch01 Basic Java Programs 2016

Unit 1:
Introduction to
Programming With
Java
AP Computer Science/Java I
Topics Covered
 Maps to BJP Chapter 1.1 – 1.4

 Definitions of “program“, "computer science“,
others
 Computational thinking skills
 String and console output
 Procedural decomposition
 static void methods
2
SWABT (Students will be able to)
 Define “program“, "computer science“,

“algorithm”
 Create simple programs to print output to the
console;
 Break complex problems into well-defined
subtasks;
 Define and call static void methods
3
What is computer science?
 Computer Science
 The study of theoretical foundations of information and
computation and their implementation and application in
computer systems. -- Wikipedia
 Many subfields / Examples in Many careers

 Graphics, Computer Vision / Movies, …
 Artificial Intelligence / Self driving cars, …
 Scientific Computing / Weather forecasting, …
 Robotics / Automated factories, …
 Databases, Data Mining / Online Commerce, …
 Computational Linguistics, Natural Language Processing ...
 Computer Engineering
 Overlap with CS and Electrical Engineering; emphasizes hardware
4
What is programming?
 program: A set of instructions
to be carried out by a computer. AKA code.
 program execution: The act of

carrying out the instructions
contained in a program. AKA running code.
 programming language: A systematic set of rules used to

describe computations in a format that is editable by
humans.
 This textbook teaches programming in a language named
Java.
5
Original Computers
6
Original Code
AKA Punchcard
7
Original Big Data AKA Big
Deck
8
CORE PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
• Command Statements
• Variables and Data Types
Core
• Conditionals (if..)
• Iteration (for loop, while loop)
Code • Methods (aka Procedures, Functions, Blocks)
• Input/Output
• Arrays and Lists
Data
• Object Fields
• Object Methods
Objects
9
Programming languages
 Some influential ones:
 FORTRAN
 science / engineering
 COBOL
 business data
 LISP
 logic and AI
 BASIC
 a simple language
10
Some modern languages
 procedural languages: programs are a series of commands
 Pascal (1970): designed for education
 C (1972): low-level operating systems and device drivers
 functional programming: functions map inputs to outputs

 Lisp (1958) / Scheme (1975), ML (1973), Haskell (1990)
 object-oriented languages: programs use interacting "objects"

 Smalltalk (1980): first major object-oriented language
 C++ (1985): "object-oriented" improvements to C
 successful in industry; used to build major OSes such as Windows
 Java (1995): designed for embedded systems, web

apps/servers
 Runs on many platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, cell phones...)
 The language taught in this textbook
11
Why Java?
 Relatively simple
 Widely used
 Part of both AP and IB CS Programs. Get College Credit
 Free development tools
 Platform independent
 Available libraries
 Object-oriented with good procedural support
 Top Programming Language
 IEEE
 Tiobe
12
Java vs. JavaScript
Java JavaScript
Compiled Programming Scripting Language
Language
Runs in Virtual Machine on Runs in Browser in HTML
OS (or in browser with document
Plugin)
Full-featured command set Smaller, simpler command

set for web pages
Developed by Sun/Oracle Developed by
Netscape/Mozilla
Tries to detect user errors Assumes users don’t make
errors
13
Basic Java
programs with
println
statements
Part I
Compile/run a program
1. Write it.
 code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.
2. Compile it.
• compile: Translate a program from one language to another.
 byte code: The Java compiler converts your code into a
format named byte code that runs on many computer types.
3. Run (execute) it.

 output: The messages printed to the user by a program.
source code byte code output

compile run
15
Compile/Run in other
programming languages
 Scripted/Interpreted Languages
 Examples: JavaScript, DOS Batch, Unix Shell files
 Not compiled. Interpreted and executed on demand.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 “System software” languages

 Examples: C, C++
 Compiled into assembly/machine language. No virtual
machine
 Advantages and disadvantages
16
A Java program
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}
 Its output:
Hello, world!
This program produces

four lines of output
 console: Text box into which

the program's output is printed.
17
Structure of a Java program
class: a program
public class name {
statement;
statement;
... method: a named group
statement; of statements
}
}
statement: a command to be executed
 Every executable Java program consists of a class,

 that contains a method named main,
 that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.
18
System.out.println
 A statement that prints a line of output on the console.

 pronounced "print-linn“ or “print line”
 “System.out.” can be dropped in English, but never in
Java
 Two ways to use System.out.println :
• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.
• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.
19
Names and identifiers
 You must give your program a name (no spaces allowed).
public class MyClassName {
 Naming convention: capitalize each word in a phrase

 Your program's file must match exactly (MyClassName.java)
 includes capitalization (Java is "case-sensitive")
 identifier: A name given to your program or an item in it.

 must start with a letter or _ or $
 subsequent characters can be any of those or a number
 legal: _myName TheCure ANSWER_IS_42 $bling$
 illegal: me+u 49ers side-swipe Ph.D
20
Java Naming Conventions
 Java is case-sensitive
 Different parts of Java: classes, variables, methods,
constants
 Classes – UpperCamelCase
 Example: MyComputerProgram, StatsCalculator
 Must be same as file name with same capitalization
 Variables and Methods – lowerCamelCase
 Example: myComputerProgram, statsCalculator
 Constants – all Capitals
 Example: MY_COMPUTER_PROGRAM, STATS_CALCULATOR
 $ is not used, _ does not start
21
Keywords
 keyword: An word that you cannot use as an identifier because it already
has a meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this

boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized
22
Syntax
 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that

can be used in a particular language.
 Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
 The contents of a class or method occur between { and }
 syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the

structure of a program that causes the compiler to fail.
 Missing semicolon
 Too many or too few { } braces
 Illegal identifier for class name
 Class and file names do not match
...
23
Syntax error example
1 public class Hello {
2 pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.owt.println("Hello, world!")_
4 }
5 }
 Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
^
Hello.java:3: ';' expected
}
^
2 errors
 The compiler shows the line number where it found the error.
 The error messages can be tough to understand!
 Not all errors will be shown
24
Types of programming errors
 Syntax Errors
 We just talked about these
 No byte code created. Program does not start running
 Runtime Errors
 Division by zero
 Trying to open a file that doesn’t exist
 Program crashes and stops execution
 Logic Errors
 Adding two things when you should be multiplying
 Infinite loops
 Need to finds these out yourself
25
A Famous Computer Bug
Wikipedia
26
Basic Java programs with
println statements
 Part II
27
Strings
 string: A sequence of characters to be printed.
 Starts and ends with a " double quote " character.
 The quotes do not appear in the output.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"
 Restrictions:
 May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."
 May not contain a " character.
"This also is not a "legal" String."
28
Escape sequences
 escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used to

represent certain special characters in a string.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character
 Example:
System.out.println(
"\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");
 Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\
29
Simple Escape Questions
 What is the output of the following println statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
a b c
System.out.println("\\\\");
\\
System.out.println("'");
'
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
"""
System.out.println(
"C:\nin\the downward spiral");
C:
in he downward spiral
30
Leaning Toothpicks Question
 Write a println statement to produce this output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\
 The println statement that produces the line of

output:
System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");
31
Printing English
 What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.
"Four score and seven years ago,
our 'fore fathers' brought forth on
this continent a new nation."
 println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println(
"This program prints a");
System.out.println(
"quote from the Gettysburg Address.");
System.out.println(
"\"Four score and seven years ago,");
System.out.println(
"our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");
System.out.println(
"this continent a new nation.\"");
32
Printing Complex English
 What println statements will generate this output?
A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.
Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as "
 println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");
System.out.println(
"the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");
System.out.println("");
System.out.println(
"Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");
System.out.println(
"Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");
33
Comments
 comment: A note written in source code by the
programmer to describe or clarify the code.
 Comments are not executed when your program runs.
 Syntax:
// comment text, on one line
or,
/* comment text; may span multiple lines */
 Examples:
// This is a one-line comment.
/* This is a very long

multi-line comment. */
 Comments are not used enough

34
Using comments
 Where to place comments:

 at the top of each file (a "comment header")
 at the start of every method (seen later)
 to explain complex pieces of code
 Comments are needed for:

 Understanding larger, more complex programs.
 Multiple programmers working together, who must

understand each other's code.
 Reminding yourself what you were thinking
35
Comments example
/* Suzy Student, CS 101, Fall 2019

This program prints nonsense lyrics. */
public class BaWitDaBa {

// first verse
System.out.println("Bawitdaba");
System.out.println("da bang a dang diggy diggy");
// second verse
System.out.println("diggy said the boogy");
System.out.println("said up jump the boogy");
}
}
36
Static methods
More Definitions
 Method : A program unit in Java that represents a

particular action or computation. In other programming
languages methods may be called functions or procedures
or sub-procedures.
 Static method: The simplest kind of method in Java. In

Java, programs use the main() static method to get started.
The other kind of method is an instance method, which is
covered later.
 Class: The basic building block of Java. A class may

contain several static methods (but only one main method).
38
More Definitions (II)
algorithm: a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or

accomplishing some end especially by a computer
bug: an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program

that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result,
or to behave in unintended ways
pseudocode: English-like descriptions of algorithms.

Use pseudocode in comments and to help transform a
problem description into a Java program solution.
39
Algorithm: Like a Recipe
...where you have to be very specific
40
A computer probably
wouldn't understand this:
To Make a PB&J Sandwich:
1. Put peanut butter on a slice of bread.
2. Put jelly on another slice of bread.
3. Put the slices of bread together.
4. Eat.
41
Closer.
if bag is closed
open bag
if loaf is already sliced
remove two slices from open end
otherwise (it isn't sliced)
remove bread from bag
cut two slices of bread from loaf
put slices on table separately
open the jar of peanut butter
if jar is sealed
unseal jar
pick up knife
put knife in peanut butter
scoop out 2 tablespoons of peanut butter
…….
mathcs.emory.edu
But with more details, you can have more errors
42
Algorithms
 algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.
 Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"

 Mix the dry ingredients.
 Cream the butter and sugar.
 Beat in the eggs.
 Stir in the dry ingredients.
 Set the oven temperature.
 Set the timer.
 Place the cookies into the oven.
 Allow the cookies to bake.
 Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
 ...
43
Problems with this algorithm
 lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.
 redundancy: Consider making a double batch...

 Set the timer.
 Place the first batch of cookies into the oven.
 Set the timer.
 Place the second batch of cookies into the oven.
 Mix ingredients for frosting.
 ...
44
Structured algorithms
 structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.
1 Make the cookie batter.
2 Bake the cookies.

 Set the timer.
 Place the cookies into the oven.
3 Add frosting and sprinkles.

 Mix the ingredients for the frosting.
 Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
...
45
Removing redundancy
 A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks
with less redundancy.
1 Make the cookie batter.

 ...
2a Bake the cookies (first batch).

 Set the timer.
 ...
2b Bake the cookies (second batch).
3 Decorate the cookies.

 ...
46
A program with redundancy
public class BakeCookies {

System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");
System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");
System.out.println("Set the timer.");
System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the
oven.");
System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
oven.");
System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
47
Static methods
class
 static method: A named group of statements.
method A
 denotes the structure of a program
 statement
 eliminates redundancy by code reuse
 statement
 statement
 procedural decomposition:
dividing a problem into methods method B
 statement
 statement
method C
 Writing a static method is like
adding a new command to Java.  statement
 statement
 statement
48
Using static methods
1. Design the algorithm.

 Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.
 Decide what are the important overall tasks.
2. Declare (write down) the methods.

 Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.
3. Call (run) the methods.

 The program's main method executes the other methods to
perform the overall task.
49
Design of an algorithm
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.

public class BakeCookies2 {
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
// Step 2a: Bake cookies (first batch).
oven.");
// Step 2b: Bake cookies (second batch).
oven.");
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
}
}
50
Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
 Syntax:
public static void name() {

statement;
statement;
...
statement;
}
 Example:
public static void printWarning() {
System.out.println("This product causes cancer");
System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");
}
51
Calling a method
Executes the method's code
 Syntax:
name();
 You can call the same method many times if you like.
 Example:
printWarning();
 Output:
This product causes cancer
in lab rats and humans.
52
Program with static method
public class FreshPrince {

rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method
rap(); // Calling the rap method again
}
// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.
public static void rap() {
System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how");
System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-
down");
}
}
Output:
Now this is the story all about how
My life got flipped turned upside-down
Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down
53
Final cookie program
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.

public class BakeCookies3 {
makeBatter();
bake(); // 1st batch
bake(); // 2nd batch
decorate();
}
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
public static void makeBatter() {
}
// Step 2: Bake a batch of cookies.
public static void bake() {
oven.");
}
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
public static void decorate() {
}
}
54
Methods calling methods
public class MethodsExample {
message1();
message2();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
}
public static void message1() {

System.out.println("This is message1.");
}
public static void message2() {

message1();
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
}
 Output:
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.
55
Control flow
 When a method is called, the program's execution...

 "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then
 "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.
public class MethodsExample { public static void message1() {

public static void main(String[]System.out.println("This
args) { is message1.");
message1(); }
message2(); public static void message2() {

message1();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
} System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
...
} public static void message1() {
}
56
When to use methods
 Place statements into a static method if:

 The statements are related structurally, and/or
 The statements are repeated.
 You should not create static methods for:

 An individual println statement.
 Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.)
 Unrelated or weakly related statements.
(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)
57
Drawing complex
figures with static
methods
Static methods question
 Write a program to print these figures using methods.
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/
\ /
\______/
+--------+
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
59
Development strategy
______ First version (unstructured):
/ \
/ \
 Create an empty program and main method.
\ /
\______/
 Copy the expected output into it, surrounding

\
\______/
/
each line with System.out.println syntax.
+--------+
 Run it to verify the output.

______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
60
Program version 1
public class Figures1 {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println("+--------+");
System.out.println("| STOP |");
}
}
61
Development strategy 2
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/ Second version (structured, with redundancy):
\
\______/
/
 Identify the structure of the output.
+--------+
______  Divide the main method into static methods

/
/ \
\
based on this structure.
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
62
Output structure
______
/ \ The structure of the output:
 initial "egg" figure
/ \
\ /
 second "teacup" figure

\______/
\ /  third "stop sign" figure

\______/
+--------+  fourth "hat" figure
______
/
/ \
\
This structure can be represented by methods:
| STOP |  egg
\ /
\______/  teaCup
 stopSign
______
 hat
/ \
/ \
+--------+
63
Program version 2
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
public static void egg() {

}
public static void teaCup() {

}
...
64
Program version 2, cont'd.
...
public static void stopSign() {

}
public static void hat() {

}
}
65
Development strategy 3
______
/ \
/ \ Third version (structured, without redundancy):
\ /
Identify redundancy in the output, and create

\______/

\ / methods to eliminate as much as possible.
\______/
+--------+
______
 Add comments to the program.
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
66
Output redundancy
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
The redundancy in the output:
\______/
\ /  egg top: reused on stop sign, hat

\______/
 egg bottom: reused on teacup, stop sign
+--------+
 divider line: used on teacup, hat
______
/ \
/ \ This redundancy can be fixed by methods:
| STOP |
\ /  eggTop
 eggBottom
\______/
______  line
/ \
/ \
+--------+
67
Program version 3
// Suzy Student, CSE 138, Spring 2094
// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.

public static void eggTop() {
}
// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.

public static void eggBottom() {
}
// Draws a complete egg figure.

public static void egg() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}
...
68
Program version 3, cont'd.
...
// Draws a teacup figure.

public static void teaCup() {
eggBottom();
line();
}
// Draws a stop sign figure.

public static void stopSign() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}
// Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat.

public static void hat() {
eggTop();
line();
}
// Draws a line of dashes.

public static void line() {
}
}
69

Ch01 Basic Java Programs 2016

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Ch01 Basic Java Programs 2016

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Unit 1:

 Maps to BJP Chapter 1.1 – 1.4

 Define “program“, "computer science“,

 Many subfields / Examples in Many careers

 program execution: The act of

 programming language: A systematic set of rules used to

 Some influential ones:

 functional programming: functions map inputs to outputs

 object-oriented languages: programs use interacting "objects"

 Java (1995): designed for embedded systems, web

 The language taught in this textbook

Full-featured command set Smaller, simpler command

3. Run (execute) it.

source code byte code output

 “System software” languages

This program produces

 console: Text box into which

 Every executable Java program consists of a class,

 A statement that prints a line of output on the console.

public class MyClassName {

 Naming convention: capitalize each word in a phrase

 identifier: A name given to your program or an item in it.

abstract default if private this

 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that

 syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the

 escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used to

 What is the output of the following println statements?

 Write a println statement to produce this output:

 The println statement that produces the line of

/* This is a very long

 Comments are not used enough

 Where to place comments:

 at the start of every method (seen later)

 to explain complex pieces of code

 Comments are needed for:

 Multiple programmers working together, who must

 Reminding yourself what you were thinking

/* Suzy Student, CS 101, Fall 2019

public class BaWitDaBa {

 Method : A program unit in Java that represents a

 Static method: The simplest kind of method in Java. In

 Class: The basic building block of Java. A class may

algorithm: a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or

bug: an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program

pseudocode: English-like descriptions of algorithms.

...where you have to be very specific

But with more details, you can have more errors

 algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.

 Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"

 redundancy: Consider making a double batch...

2 Bake the cookies.

3 Add frosting and sprinkles.

1 Make the cookie batter.

2a Bake the cookies (first batch).

2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

3 Decorate the cookies.

public class BakeCookies {

1. Design the algorithm.

2. Declare (write down) the methods.

3. Call (run) the methods.

// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.

public static void name() {

Executes the method's code

public class FreshPrince {