GAS FIELD ENGINEERING (GFE)

© 2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 ACTIVE LEARNING 1: OPENING QUESTION
(5 MINUTES)
• Why active learning and pair/group assessments are
important for you to get a job?

• Students need to think about the answer individually.

• Write down the answer (1 Minute).

• Discuss your answer with your neighbor (2 Minutes).

• Lecturer discuss with the whole class using next slides.

 FOLLOW UP ON QUESTIONNAIRRE
• Why active learning and pair/group assessments?

• Oil and Gas Companies hiring and working process:

1. Schlumberger hiring process: 7 steps where 6 steps are team
building, group problem solving/discussion, and presentation.
2. Total E&P hiring process: 8 steps where 6 steps are team building,
group problem solving/discussion, and presentation.
3. Field Engineer task requires to communicate operators and clients
(20 years experience).

• Different students needs different learning methodology:

1. Some students prefer passive lecturing.
2. Some students prefer active learning such as learning by doing.
2 MINUTES VIDEO: IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE
LEARNING IN O&G INDUSTRY
 PDB – 4013 GAS FIELD ENGINEERING
FIRST PART
Dr. Belladonna Maulianda, P.Eng
belladona.wahyudi@utp.edu.my
Room: Block L
Married with 2 sons and expecting 

Working Experiences:
April 2017-Now Lecturer, UTP, Malaysia
2010-2016 PhD, Univ. of Calgary, Canada
2013-2014 Geomechanics Advisor,
Weatherford Canada
2013-2013 Reservoir Engineering
Specialist, Bitcan G&E Canada
2007-2009 Reservoir Engineer, Total
Indonesia
2005-2007 Field Engineer Open Hole,
Schlumberger Canada
 HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?

Lecture: Monday 8 am -10 am at

20-02-06

Tutorial: Friday 10 am – 12 pm at
14-02-07
 LESSON OUTCOME

• Describe the gas behavior governing laws

• Calculate basic parameters for determination of:

1. Gas flow performance
2. Volume measurement
3. Gas reserves
 QUIZ: RECALL PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
(5 MINUTES)
• Mention 3 things you studied from last week course
 COURSE CONTENT

© 2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 COURSE CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Natural Gas

3. Ideal Gas Law

4. Properties of Gaseous Mixtures

5. Real Gas Equation of State

6. Determination of Compressibility Factor

7. Gas Conversion Equations

 INTRODUCTION

© 2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 INTRODUCTION
• NG is a mixture of HC gases & impurities
• HC gases in NG: CH4, C2H6, C3H8,
C4H10, C5H12, and small amounts of
C6H14, C7H16, C8H18, & heavier gases
• Impurities in NG: CO2, H2S, N2, H2O
vapor, & heavier HC
• C3H8 & heavier HC are removed
because of high market value as
gasoline-blending stock & chemical-plant
raw feedstock
• Sold NG to transmission line is mostly a
mixture of CH4 and C2H6 with some
small percentage of C3H8
 INTRODUCTION
• NG physical properties important in solving problems of:
1. Gas well performance
2. Gas production
3. Gas transmission
• Determination of NG physical properties from:
1. Laboratory tests
2. Predictions based on gaseous’ chemical
composition
• Method (2) in determination of NG physical properties
using physical properties of NG individual components
(mixing rules in physical laws)
 NG COMPOSITION
• NO FIXED composition or mixture for NG
• Each produced gas stream has its own composition
• Two wells from the same reservoir might have different
compositions
• Each produced gas stream from a NG reservoir can
change composition due to the reservoir depletion
(change P)
• Well stream samples should be analyzed periodically
since it may be necessary to change the production
equipment to satisfy the new gas composition
 NG COMPOSITION

https://www.ihrdc.com/els/po-
demo/module01/mod_001_02.htm

Rojey et al. 1997

 NG COMPOSITION
• NG is normally a Category Component Amount (%)
Paraffinic
mixture of straight HC Methane (CH4) 70-98
chain/paraffin HC Ethane (C2H6) 1-10
gaseous Propane (C3H8) trace - 5%
Butane (C4H10) trace - 2%
• Occasionally, Pentane (C5H12) trace - 1%
cyclic & aromatic Hexane (C6H14) trace - 0.5%
Heptane & higher none - trace
HC gaseous are
Cyclic HC Cyclopropane (C3H6) traces
found in NG Cyclohexane (C6H12) traces
mixture Aromatic
HC Benzene (C6H6), others traces
Non-HC Nitrogen (N2) trace - 15%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) trace - 1%
trace
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) occasionally
Helium (He) trace - 5%
Other sulfur and nitrogen trace
compounds occasionally
Water (H2O) Kumar 1960 trace - 5%
Kumar 1960
NG MOLECULE STRUCTURE
 IDEAL GAS ASSUMPTION
• Ideal gas is the basic knowledge to understand the properties
of real gases
• An ideal gas follows assumptions (Lee and Wattenbarger
1996):
• Volume of the gas molecules is insignificant with respect
to the volume of total gas
• There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the
molecules or between the molecules and the container
walls
• Perfect elastic collision is occurred on all molecules (no
internal energy loss)
 IDEAL GAS EQUATION

• Boyle’s law:
1. If temperature of a given gas is constant, volume of
gas varies inversely with absolute pressure
2. This relation is:

OR OR

Eq. 1
BREAK
 EXAMPLE 1
A quantity of gas at a pressure of 75 psig has volume of 900 ft3. If
the gas is compressed to 120 psig, what volume would the gas
occupy? Assume the temperature of the gas remains constant.

Solution:
𝑉1 = 900 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝1 = 75 + 14.7 = 89.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑝2 = 120 + 14.7 = 134.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

Substituting the above values into Boyle’s law equation:

𝑝1 𝑉1 89.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 900 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉2 = = = 599.33 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝2 134.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
 The Ideal Gas
• Charles’ Law

1. If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is held constant,

the volume will vary directly as the absolute temperature

OR OR

Eq. 2
 The Ideal Gas
• Charles’ Law

2. If the volume of a particular quantity of gas is held constant, the

absolute pressure will vary directly as the absolute
temperature:

OR OR

Eq. 3
Boyle’s Law and Charles’s Law Video
 ONLINE QUIZ KAHOOT

• https://play.kahoot.it/#/lobby?quizId=aff19ab5
-c29e-4b0c-9b33-9e32540590d6

1. Go to kahoot.it
2. Use your student ID for nickname
 EXAMPLE 2 – THINK PAIR SHARE
(2 STUDENTS/GROUP) – HAND IN ANSWER (10 MINUTES)

1. What volume will be filled by an ideal gas, if the

temperature is increased to 110oF and the pressure is kept
constant? If the ideal gas at 60oF has volume of 490 ft3 and
the pressure is 12 psig.

2. What would be the pressure of the gas in question no (1), if

the volume is kept constant and the temperature is
increased from 60 to 120oF as mentioned in no (1).
 EXAMPLE 2 – THINK PAIR SHARE
(2 STUDENTS/GROUP)
Solution

1. 𝑉1 = 490 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑇1 = 60 + 460 = 520 𝑅
𝑇2 = 110 + 460 = 570 𝑅
𝑉1
𝑉2 = 𝑇2
𝑇1
490 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉2 = 570 𝑅 = 537.12 𝑓𝑡 3
520 𝑅

2. 𝑝1 = 12 + 14.7 = 26.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

𝑝1 26.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑝2 = 𝑇2 = 580 𝑅 = 29.78 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑟 15.08 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑇1 520 𝑅
 The Ideal Gas

Boyle’s and Charles’ Law

• Combination of Boyle’s and Charles’ laws produces:

(Eq. 4)

• It is one of the most widely used relation in gas measurement

 EXAMPLE 3

1. What will be the volume of the ideal gas, measured at standard

conditions of 60oF and 14.7 psia, required to fill a 80 ft3 tank to
a pressure of 50 psig when the temperature of the gas in the
tank is 100oF? Atmospheric pressure is 14.4 psia.

2. What would be the pressure on the pressure gauge if the tank in

the above example is cooled to 45oF after being filled with the
ideal gas?
 EXAMPLE 3

1. What will be the volume of the ideal gas, measured at

standard conditions of 60oF and 14.7 psia, are required to fill a
80 ft3 tank to a pressure of 50 psig when the temperature of
the gas in the tank is 100oF? Atmospheric pressure is 14.4
psia.
Solution
1. 𝑝1 = 50 + 14.4 = 64.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑠𝑐 = 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 100 + 460 = 560𝑜 𝑅
𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑠𝑐 = 520𝑜 𝑅
𝑉1 = 80 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉2 =?
 EXAMPLE 3
Using Eq. 4
1. 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

64.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 80 𝑓𝑡 3 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑉𝑠𝑐

𝑜
=
560 𝑅 520𝑜 𝑅

𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 325.44 𝑠𝑐𝑓

 EXAMPLE 3
2. 𝑇2 = 45 + 460 = 505𝑜 𝑅
𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = 90 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑝1 = 50 + 14.4 = 64.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇1 = 100 + 460 = 560𝑜 𝑅
𝑝2 =?
Using Eq. 4

𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

64.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 90 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑝2 90 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑜
=
560 𝑅 505𝑜 𝑅
𝑝2 = 58.075 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑟 43.675 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
BREAK
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
• At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all ideal
gases have the same number of molecules

• There are 2.733 x 1026 molecules in 1 pound-mole of any gas

• One pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6 ft3 at 60oF and

14.7 psia (standard conditions)
 THE IDEAL GAS
• The equation of state (EOS) for an ideal gas may be derived from
a combination of Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Law

(Eq. 5)

• Eq. 5 is only applicable at pressure close to atmospheric

 THE IDEAL GAS
• Because the number of pound-moles of gas is equal to the mass
of the gas divided by the molecular weight of the gas, the ideal
gas law can be written as:

n=m/M, (Eq. 6)

• Eq. 6 may be rearranged to calculate the mass and the density, ρ,

of the gas:

(Eq. 7)
 EXAMPLE 4

Using the fact that 1 pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6

scf. Calculate the value of the universal gas constant, R.
 EXAMPLE 4

Using the fact that 1 pound-mole of an ideal gas occupies 378.6

scf. Calculate the value of the universal gas constant, R.

Solution

Using Eq. 6:
 ACTIVE LEARNING –
CLOSURE REVIEW PAIRS (5 MINUTES)
• Make a group of 2 students
• List of 3 major topics covered during this session
• Each group explain for each topic the following:
1. What is the topic and why is it important?
2. What activities undergone to learn about the topic?
3. What interests you most about the topic?
• Random pick student to explain his/her answer for one topic.
• Hand in your answer and I will read some answers
 COURSE SUMMARY –
BOOKEND CLOSURE FOCUSED DISCUSSION

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Natural Gas

3. Ideal Gas Law

 CLOSURE
• Fill in the course survey only 4 short questions
• (1 minute)

Rating (scale 1-5):

Dr. Belladonna Maulianda – GFE – May 2017 34

 THANK YOU
© 2013 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 Q&A
Session