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Teori gelombang dan ultrasonic

Dr. Ocky Melati Indah Sari, MPh


GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK

 PENGERTIAN ULTRASONIK
 TRANSDUSER ULTRASONIK
 BAHAN PIEZOELEKTRIK
 SINYAL ULTRASONIK
 MEDAN DEKAT DAN MEDAN JAUH
 APLIKASI ULTRASONIK
 PENGERTIAN ULTRASONIK
 Frekuensi tinggi di atas 20 kHz
 Tidak dapat didengar oleh telinga manusia
 Panjang gelombang di udara maksimum 17,15 mm
 Analog dengan sinar ultraviolet
 Tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata manusia
 Panjang gelombang di bawah 400 nm
 Frekuensi minimum di udara 7,5x1014 Hz
 Frekuensi sangat tinggi (GHz)
 Microwave Ultrasonic (panjang gelombang m)
Berbeda dengan pengertian supersonik
 Bergerak melebihi kecepatan suara (Mach > 1)
 TRANSDUSER ULTRASONIK
 Mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi akustik
 Bertindak seperti pengeras suara (loudspeaker)
 Mengubah energi akustik menjadi energi listrik
 Bertindak seperti mikropon
 Mampu bertindak sebagai transceiver
 Pemancar (transmitter) – Penerima (receiver)
 Terbuat dari bahan piezoelektrik
 Bila mendapat tekanan (piezo)
 Timbul muatan listrik (elektrik)
 BAHAN PIEZOELEKTRIK
 Efek piezoelektrik langsung
 Bila pelat piezoelektrik diberi tekanan, maka akan
timbul muatan listrik pada kedua permukaannya
 Pelat juga merupakan kapasitor dengan konstanta
dielektrik tertentu, timbul beda tegangan
 Efek piezoelektrik balik
 Bila pelat piezoelektrik diberi tegangan listrik, maka
kedua permukaannya mendapat tekanan
 Pelat juga merupakan bahan elastik dengan konstanta
elastik tertentu, tebalnya akan berubah
 Tegangan bolak-balik  Pelat bergetar
 Bahan Piezoelektrik Alam
 Kuarsa, garam Rochelle, tourmaline
 Sangat stabil
 Sensitivitas rendah

 Bahan Piezoelektrik Buatan


 Barium titanate, lead circonate titanate, lead
metaniobate
 Sensitivitas tinggi
 Kurang stabil
 Pelat kuarsa potongan-x (x-cut)
 Menghasilkan gelombang longitudinal
z
VL
f +
2L
-
y
x

-
elektroda +

L
 SINYAL ULTRASONIK
FREKUENSI RESONANSI

2L 1 c
T f f
c T 2L
 MEDAN DEKAT & MEDAN JAUH
N

D 

Fresnel zone Fraunhofer zone

D2  
N Sin    1,22
4 2 D
0,5 IR

R
IR,0

Io Io

2 0,5 IR
N
I R ,0    I0
R

I R , / 2  0,5 I R ,0 p R , / 2  0,707 p R ,0
Contoh 3.1 :
Sebuah transduser ultrasonik yang biasa digunakan di bidang
kedokteran berdiameter 1/2 inci (12,7 mm) dengan frekuensi
resonansi sebesar 5 MHz. Jaringan tubuh manusia mempunyai
kecepatan gelombang rata-rata sebesar 1500 m/s. Hitung jarak
medan dekat dan setengah sudut penyebarannya.
Jawab :
c 1500
  6
 0,3 mm
f 5x10
D 2 (12,7 x10 3 ) 2
N  3
 134 mm
4  4(0,3x10 )


   0,3x10 3 
Sin    1,22  1,22  0,029  1,7 o
3
 2 D 12,7x10 2
Contoh 3.2 :
Sebuah transduser ultrasonik yang biasa digunakan pada uji
tak rusak (UTR) berdiameter 1 inci (25,4 mm) dengan
frekuensi resonansi sebesar 2 MHz. Bahan baja mempunyai
kecepatan sebesar 5850 m/s. Hitung jarak medan dekat dan
setengah sudut penyebarannya.
Jawab :
c 5850
  6
 2,925 mm
f 2x10
D2 (25,4x10 3 ) 2
N  3
 55 mm
4  4(2,925x10 )


   2,925 x10 3 
Sin    1,22  1,22  0,14  8o
3
2 D 25,4x10 2
Contoh 3.3 :
Sebuah transduser ultrasonik yang biasa digunakan pada
pengukuran aliran gas berdiameter 1/2 inci (12,7 mm) dengan
frekuensi resonansi sebesar 100 kHz. Gas mempunyai
kecepatan sekitar 400 m/s. Hitung jarak medan dekat dan
setengah sudut penyebarannya.
Jawab :
c 400
  3
 4 mm
f 100x10
D 2 (12,7 x10 3 ) 2
N  3
 10 mm
4 4(4x10 )


   4 x10 3 
Sin    1,22  1,22  0,384  23o
3
 2 D 12,7x10 2
Contoh 3.4 :
Sebuah transduser ultrasonik yang biasa digunakan pada
pengukuran aliran gas berdiameter 1/2 inci (12,7 mm) dengan
frekuensi resonansi sebesar 100 kHz. Gas mempunyai
kecepatan sekitar 400 m/s. Transduser ini memancarkan
gelombang ultrasonik dengan intensitas sebesar Io. Hitung
intensitas pada suatu titik yang berjarak 200 mm di depan
transduser dan pada sudut 23o dari sumbu transdsuser.
Jawab :

N  10 mm  23o
2
2 2
N  10 
I 200, 0o    Io    I o  0,0025 I o
R  200 

I 200, 23o  0,5(0,0025)Io  1,25x103 Io


 APLIKASI ULTRASONIK
 APLIKASI INTENSITAS TINGGI
 Industri
• Pemrosesan material gas, cairan dan padatan
 APLIKASI INTENSITAS RENDAH
 Uji Tak Rusak
• Evaluasi kualitas bahan
• Pemeriksaan cacat
 Instrumentasi dan Kontrol
• Pengukuran besaran-besaran fisis
• Pengukuran besaran-besaran proses
• Pengukuran besaran-besaran kimia
ULTRASONIC IN INDUSTRY

APPLICATION DESCRIPTION
Electroplating Agitation of electrolyte Distributing and agitating electrolyte
For uniform plating
Implegnation of porous materials Increased density, absence of gas
(textile, metal ) inclusion
Deggasing of melts metal, glass Improvement in material density,
Refinement of grain structure
Mixing of slurr (pulp) Imrovement in consistency
Agitation of chemical solution Maintaining uniform concentration,
(photographic developper Deaeration of liguids
Accelerating chemical reaction Aging of liguors, tanning of hides,
extractions
Food treatment Derstroying molds,bacteria,
Tenderization,removing loose starch
APPLICATION DESCRIPTION
Drying (platic, paper,textile webs ) Turbulence and pressure pattern
Causes drying
Cleaning and degreasing Cavitated cleaning solution scrubs
Parts immersed in solution
Defoaming and degassing Separation of foam and gas from
Liguid,reducing gas and foam content
Foaming of beverages Displacing air by foam in bottles or
Container prior to capping
Drilling and abrading Abrasive slurry interposed between
Sonically vibrated tool and workpiece
Emulsification,dispersion and Mixing and homogenizing of liguid,
homogenization Slurry, cream

Soldering and brazing Displacemen of oxide film to


Accomplish bonding without flux
APPLICATION DESCRIPTION
Welding metals and plstics Welding similar and dissimilar Metal, soft and rigid
plastics
Agglomeration and particle Separating solids from gases or Producing larger
particles
Atomization and vaporization Atomizing liguids to provide aerosol, Vaporizing fuel
oil
Accelerating chemical reaction Aging of liguors,tanning of hides, extractions

Food treatment Destroying molds, bacteria, Tenderization, removing


loose starch
Drying (plastic,paper,textile Turbulence and pressure patten Causes drying
webs)
Metal insertion into solid Application of ultrasonic vibrations to metal insert
plastic material producing localized softening as insert is pressed
into plastic
Metal working Vibrated die or rolling reduces Friction during
drawing or rolling, Greater reduction in fewer
passes, Reduces grain size
ULTRASONIC IN NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
INDUSTRY MATERIALS/ DEFECTS
EQUIPMENTS
Basic metal Steel, aluminium, iron Porosity,inclusions,
Magnesium, etc Center pipe
Metal Plate, shett, pipe, tubing, Lamination, seams,
Fabricators Forgings, extrusions, die inclusion,
block, casting Bursts, flaking, porosity,
concentricity
Aircarft Aircraft engine components, Fatique cracks, internal
propeller, airframe Flaws in materials receved
Components, landing gears
Automotive Body panel sheets, engine Lamination, cracks
and
Transmission parts
INDUSTRY MATERIALS/ DEFECTS
EQUIPMENTS
Automotive Body panel sheets, engine and Lamination, cracks
Transmission part
Rubber Tires Ply separation, ply
thickness

Plastics Plastics and ceramics Porosity, inclusions,


Fiberglass-reinforced cracks
Delamination
Railroads Rails, axels and crankshafts in Fatique cracks
Engine and rolling stock
Metal stamping Track and wheels Cracks
Sheet stock Laminations, inclusions
Crankshafts, punch press Fatique cracks
INDUSTRY MATERIALS/ DEFECTS
EQUIPMENTS
Electric power Turbines and generators Internal cracks and flaws
Piping Seams
Pressure vesselt, penstocks Weld defects
Chemical and Compressors Connecting rods
refineries Vessels and piping Seams, lamination, weld
defects
Mining and Hoist and crusher shafts Fatique crasks
quarryng

Marine Hull plate Laminations, weld flaw


Propellers shafts Cracks, porosity cracks
Metallurgy All metals Physycal constants,
Grain size
ULTRASONICS IN NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ULTRASONIC IN INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Position Thermometry
Composition Density ,porosity
Anisotropy, texture Pressure
Grain size in metal Elastic properties
Stress and strain Viscosity in fluids
Acoustic emission Level
Imaging , holography Flowmetry
Dynamic force, Vibration, Location of low- reflectivity
acceleration interfaces
ULTRASONICS IN
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

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