OSTEOPOROSIS

Esther Elisabeth Bakujay

1561050148
IIIB
ANATOMI
Vertebra Cervicalis

Vertebra thoracalis

Vertebra lumbalis

Vertebra sacralis (sacrum)

coxigeum
 1 V. CERVICALIS I
2 (atlas)
3
6 1. Tuberculum posterius
7 2. Arcus posterior
4 3. Sulcus arteria vertebralis
4. Fovea articularis superior
10 11 9 8 5. Fovea articularis inferior
6. Foramen transversarium
7. Procesus transversus
1 8. Massa lateralis
2 9. Arcus anterior
10. Fovea dentis
6 11. Tuberculum anterius
7
5
10 11 9 8
1
V. CERVICALIS II
3
(axis/epistropheus)
4
7 1. Dens epistropheus
8 2. Facies articularis anterior
6 3. Facies articularis posterior
9 4. Facies articularis superior
5. Processus articularis inferior
1 6. Corpus
2 7. Foramen transversarium
8. Processus transversus
4
9. Processus spinosus
6
5
8
 VERTEBRA
1 CERVICALIS
2 1. Processus articularis
6 superior
2. Processus articularis inferior
3. Corpus vertebrae
4. Foramen transversarium
5. Processus transversus
6. Processus spinosus
6 7. Tuberculum posterius
10 8. Tuberculum anterius
1 9. Sulcus nervi spinalis
11 10. Lamina arcus vertebrae
7 11. Incisura vertebralis
3
superior
9 4
8 5
 1
5 VERTEBRA THORACALIS
2 1. Processus spinosus
2. Processus transversus
3
3. Fovea costalis transversalis
11
4. Pediculus arcus vertebrae
4&6
5. Lamina arcus vertebralis
10 6. Incisura vertebralis superior
7. Incisura vertebralis inferior
8. Fovea costalis superior
11 9. Fovea costalis inferior
3 10. Corpus vertebrae
11. Processus articularis superior
7
12. Processus articularis inferior
12

8 9
 1
9 VERTEBRA
2 LUMBALIS
3 1. Processus spinosus
4&6 2. Processus transversus/costarius
3. Processus accecorius
4. Pediculus arcus vertebrae
5. Lamina arcus vertebralis
6. Incisura vertebralis superior
5 7. Incisura vertebralis inferior
8 8. Corpus vertebrae
9. Processus articularis superior
9 10. Processus articularis inferior
6
7
10
 1 VERTEBRA
4
2 SACRALIS
5 1. Processus articularis superior
2. Processus mamillaris
10 6
3. Pars lateralis
7 4. Tuberositas sacralis
11
13 8 5. Facies auricularis
9 6. Crista sacralis lateralis
7. Crista sacralis intermedia
12
3 8. Crista sacralis mediana
9. Foramen sacrale dorsale
10. Hiatus sacralis
11. Cornu sacralis
12. Apex sacralis
13. Basis sacralis
14. Incisura vertebralis superior
15 16 17 15. Foramina sacralia pelvina
14 16. Lineae transversae
17. Canalis sacralis
 Vertebral
Articulation Superior articular process

• each articulation is
a fully
encapsulated
synovial joint
• these are often
called apophyseal
joints Inferior articular process

Note: the processes are bony outcroppings. 11

 Body
Transverse process
Vertebral foraman

Spinous process

Intervertebral foraman

12
 Muscular Attachments
• muscular attachments on spinous and
transverse processes

13
 Intervertebral Disks
‘shock absorbers’ of the spine

capable of withstanding compressive

torsional and bending loads

role is to bear and distribute loads in

vertebral column and restrain
excessive motion in vertebral segment

14
Spine -
Posterior Muscular Support

primarily produce extension and

medial/lateral flexion

• Superficial to deep
– erector spinae
– semispinalis
– deep posterior

16
 longissimus spinalis

Erector spinae
Versatile muscles that can generate rapid force
yet are fatigue resistant

iliocostalis
cervicis thoracis lumborum

17
 Semispinalis

capitis cervicis thoracis

18
IT

IS

intertransversarius interspinales

Deep posterior
multifidus rotatores
19
 rectus abdominis

Abdominals
transverse abdominus

internal oblique external oblique

20
Intra-Abdominal Pressure
acts like a “balloon” to expand
the spine thus reducing compressive
load, this in turn reduces the activity
in the erector spinae

Internal & external oblique

muscles & transverse abdominis
attached to the thoracolumbar
fascia covering the posterior
region of the trunk

when these abdominals contract - added

support for the low back is created

21
Additional muscles contributing to trunk flexion

Collectively known as the iliopsoas

Powerful flexor
whose action is
mediated by the
abdominals

Quadratus lumborum

forms lateral wall of abdomen

also maintains pelvic position
during swing phase of gait

22
FISIOLOGI