Presentation Title

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
 1.1 General Background
Image Contour is defined as lines and boundaries of interesting
regions within digital images, including object boundaries and
boundaries of regions defined by sudden changes of brightness,
color or texture. It also described as a curve along boundary of
pixels with the same intensity or depth.
Object boundaries are identified based on how well they
separate foreground and background features. This is followed
by a shape matching step which identifies the object boundary
contours based on their expected shape.
The region of interest contour is determined by the difference
between foreground and background. In conclusion,
Segmentation technique is not robust against compression while
the image contour technique takes a long time to process.
 1.1 General Background
Edges are significant local changes in the image and are
important features for analyzing images. Edges typically occur
on the boundary between two different regions in an image.
Edge detection is frequently the first step in recovering
information from images. Several computational models have
been reported in the literature for contour or edge detection in
images.
Robert , Sobel and Prewitt edge detectors, all of which use local
derivative filters to do the boundary detection. Canny edge
detector is one of the well-known edge detection algorithm that
uses sharp discontinuities in the brightness channel to detect
edges.
 1.1 General Background

Contour shape representations include global shape

descriptors such as eccentricity and circularity, shape
signatures such as centroid distance and cumulative
angles.
Curvature scale space descriptors (CSSD) . Global shape
descriptors are very inaccurate shape descriptors which
are not suitable for standalone shape descriptors.
Therefore, these representations need further processing
using scale space or using spectral transform such as
Fourier transform, and walsh transform.
 1.1 General Background
During the last few years, the theory and applications
of wavelet transforms have been developed.
Wavelets have been found to be very useful in many
scientific and engineering applications including
computer graphics, scientific visualization, data
compression and signal processing.
Wavelet transform has become well known as
powerful tool for image data compression. Different
approaches have been published dealing with the
coding of wavelet coefficients.
 1.2 The Research Overview

The Thesis Study will investigate the effect of noise on the

image contour in spectral domain , the suitable method for
contour compression is based on splitting of the contour into
two one-dimensional signals X, and Y with similar number of
points along the contour or length of the contour.
The additive noise effect is applied in the extracted contour
with removing the other objects which are considered as
background and rejection a suitable number of spectral
components and then using the inverse transform the original
contour signals.
 1.2 The Research Overview

The contour domain transformation in spectral domain can be

applied using different transforms such as Fourier and Walsh
then their performance will be explained with respect to
different noise levels. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is
assumed to be the implementation of choice.
The wavelet simplest transform which is chosen in this study is
Walsh transform is suitable because it offers less required
storage space, and fast signal reconstruction.
Fourier and Walsh spectra of both of Original Image and The
Noisy Image can be compared using The Root Mean Square
Error (RMSE)
1.3 Research Objectives
 1.4 Organization of the Thesis

CHAPTER ONE: concepts of the image contour extraction,

noise effect in the contour spectrum.
CHAPTER TWO: exploration of the main techniques for edge
feature detection of the images. the contour extraction and the
contour coordinates in the image.
CHAPTER THREE: introduces the analysis of image contour
transformation considering noise effect.
CHAPTER FOUR: study of contour recognition technique,
detection and description in spectral domain .
CHAPTER FIVE: simulation with testing the images and
estimating the performance of spectral transforms.
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusions and future work of the thesis
 CHAPTER TWO

Contour Extraction
and Description
 2.1 Introduction
Contour extraction is obtaining the object outline of target
object from the image of object; it is the key to ensure
measurement accuracy. As to the characteristics that the
images of computer vision measurement often contain only
two targets, the object and the background area, In general,
contour extraction techniques can be classified into two main
categories: region-based, and line-based. Region-based
techniques use similar brightness, color or texture properties to
segment the image into regions and extract contours directly
from the segmented region boundaries. Line-based techniques
use high contrast of luminance, color, or texture to find lines or
boundaries.
 2.2 Survey of different methods of
extraction of image contours

Two main approaches:

Object Contour Following (OCF).
Multiple Step Contour Extraction (MSCE).
The OCF methods sequentially detect and extract object
contour edges.
The MSCE methods are referred to as parallel schemes for
object contour extraction. By parallel, it is meant that the
decision of whether or not a point is on an edge is made on
the basis of the gray level of the point and its neighbors.
 2.2.1 Object Contour Following (OCF)

also called Bug Following, can be used to trace (follow) the

contour edges of a 2-D digital image.

The extraction procedure consists of finding a starting point and

then cross the edge between then white and black regions.
2.2.2 Multiple Step Contour Extraction (MSCE)

the gradient between two pixels with different gray scale levels
represents the difference between the two pixels, and the gradient will
be zero for the pixels with the same gray scale level.
The main steps of the MSCE methods:
a) Edge Detection

Pixel numbering for 2x2 Pixel numbering for 3x3

edge detecting operators edge detecting operators.
b) Gradient Operators:
(a) Original image,

(b) Prewitt gradient Operator,

(c) Roberts crossgradient operator,

(d) Sobel gradient operator,

(e) Prewitt compassoperator,

(f - h) Three types of Laplacian operators

2.2.3 Object-oriented Contour Extraction OCE

is based on 4x4 pixels window structure to extract the object

contours by the four central pixels
The extracted contours from objects using this procedure are
near the image boundary.

(a) (b)
OCE procedure (a)Without correcting the first step and
(b)After correcting the first step
 2.2.4 Single Step Parallel Contour Extraction
‘SSPCE’ (3x3 windows)
There are two algorithms; the first uses 8-connectivity scheme
between pixels, The second algorithm uses the 4-connectivity
scheme between pixels
The edges can be extracted by applying the definition that an
object contour edge is a straight line connecting two neighboring
pixels which have both a common neighboring object pixel and
a common neighboring underground pixel.
no edges can be extracted from the three following cases:
1- If all nine pixels are object pixels object region.
2- If all nine pixels are background pixels.
3- If the center pixel is an object pixel surrounded by
background pixels.
2.2.5 Contour Extraction Based on 2x2 Windows

This algorithm is mainly used for gray scale images. It uses a

smaller window for contour extraction than its predecessors

Pixel numbering for 2x2 windows

The processed pixel is the darker one. Two buffers are required
for a real time contour extraction system. First buffer is used for
the storage of a previously processed image line and the second
one keeps pixel values of the currently processed image line.
 2.2.5 Comparison of Contour Extraction
Algorithms (Different Windows)

(a) (b) (c)

Test images (a) Circle
(b) Square Extracted contours using (a) Contour
(c) E letter extraction(2x2 windows) (b) SSPCE method
(3x3 windows) (c)OCE method (4x4 windows)
Number of operations versus number of edges for the all
algorithms for the shapes of (a) Circle (b) Square (c) E letter
 2.3. Contour Description

, object descriptors are referred to object representations which give ways of

describing object properties or features.

Polar representation Polar representation Cartesian representation

 CHAPTER THREE

Spectral Domain of
Image Contours