Prepared by:

Mohit Jain 6502916

Sachin KumarArora 9609167
Akansha Verma 9609166
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 What is GIS?
A technology
hardware & software tools

An information handling strategy

The objective: to improve overall decision making

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 GIS: a formal definition
“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating,
manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are
spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally
considered to involve a spatially referenced computer
database and appropriate applications software”

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 GIS concepts are not new!
London cholera epidemic 1854

Soho

+ Cholera death
Water pump

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 GIS: historical background
This technology has developed from:
Digital cartography and CAD
Data Base Management Systems

ID X,Y ID ATTRIB
1 1 1
2 2
2 3 3
3

CAD System Data Base Management System

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 Digital
Mapping

Computer
Photo-
Aided
grammetry
Design

GIS

Databases Surveying

Remote
Sensing

Cross-disciplinary nature of GIS

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 Spatial
data

GIS
Computer hardware /
software tools
?
Specific applications /
decision making objectives

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 Autodesk -(www.autodesk.com)
 ESRI -(www.esri.com)
Geographic Research Inc- (www.geographicresearch.com)
 Intergraph - (www.intergraph.com)
 Manifold Systems -(www.manifold.net).
 MapInfo - (www.mapinfo.com)

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 • Education
• Manufacturing
• Shipping
• retailing
• security
• telecommunication

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 Value added includes:
• consulting to libraries,
• databases of particular use to libraries,
• training, and
• the alternative of hosted service.

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 Hardware & Software
Originally GIS was developed for large workstations
and not for PC’s however in the past 10 years, GIS is
available on virtually all major operating systems

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 • Hardware and system software single desktop
workstation -$3,500.
• A server and five desktop workstations -$18,000.
• Applications software ranges -$395 to tens-of-
thousands of dollars.

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  In U.S., data is available from U.S. Census Bureau
–Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System
(TIGER) - since 1990
 U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps in Digital Line Graph and
Digital Raster Graphics formats.
 State and local governments (parcel maps, etc)
 Private vendors (GDT, BLR, Claritas)

Offers a 12-disk package at $1,695 for the country or $795 for a single
state. 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses -$2,995 for the country and $1,495
for a single state. The latter product includes software for converting data
from previous census to the 2000 boundaries so that an apples-to-apples
comparison can be made.

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 It takes the assistance of a well trained technician to GIS
training is offered by many community colleges and
universities. It is also available online. The largest online
program is operated by ESRI, the dominant vendor in the GIS
software market.

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 • Understanding imagery and image analysis
• Accessing and displaying image data
• Rectifying and “mosaicing” images
• Extracting and classifying features
• Image analysis
• Applying the image analysis extensions

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Coordinating with local government
Many local governments, both municipal and county, have
GIS programs. Public libraries should coordinates their
efforts with any that may be underway in their
jurisdictions.
Sources of information
www.gis.com - This site is sponsored by ESRI, largest
vendor of GIS software company.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS - It has a very good 22
pages articles on GIS, its history and software programs,
etc.

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www.gisportal.com - It organizes more then 1000
websites which deals with GIS into broad categories
including governmental websites.
www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/goshome.html - The
university of Edinburgh’s department of geography
and the association of geographic information (UK)
have created an alphabetic index of useful GIS
websites including this website.
Some other important sources are state library
agencies and local colleges and universities.

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 Questions?????

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