Antenna

By
Prof HEMANT MAHAJAN
• v
• An antenna or aerial, is an electrical device
which converts electric power into radio
waves, and vice versa.

• Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of

metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected
to the receiver or transmitter.

The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist

Heinrich Hertz.
• An electromagnetic wave (EM) consists of
changing magnetic and electric fields and
travels through space at 300,000,000 meters
per second.
• Antennas are essential components of all
equipment that uses radio.
• They are used in systems such as
• Radio broadcasting,
• Broadcast television,
• Two-way radio,
• Communications receivers,
• Radar, cell phones, and satellite communications,
• As well as other devices such as garage door
openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth-
enabled devices, wireless computer networks,
and RFID tags .
 Antenna Types

• Wire Antennas
• Travelling Wave Antennas

• Reflector Antennas

• Microstrip Antennas
• Log-Periodic Antennas
• Aperture Antennas
• Other Antennas
 Wire Antennas

Short Dipole Antenna

Dipole Antenna
Half-Wave Dipole
Broadband Dipoles
Monopole Antenna
Folded Dipole Antenna
Loop Antenna
Short Dipole Antenna
 Half-Wave Dipole

• One wavelength at 600 MHz is = c / f = 0.5

meters. Hence, the half-wavelength dipole
antenna's length is 0.25 meters.
 Folded Dipole Antenna

• The folded dipole antenna is resonant and

radiates well at odd integer multiples of a half-
wavelength (0.5, 1.5, ...), when the antenna is
fed in the center.
 Loop Antenna

• These antennas have low radiation resistance and

high reactance, so that their impedance is difficult to
match to a transmitter. As a result, these antennas
are most often used as receive antennas, where
impedance mismatch loss can be tolerated.
 Travelling Wave Antennas
• Helical Antennas
• Yagi-Uda Antennas
• Spiral Antennas
 Reflector Antennas
• Corner Reflector
• Parabolic Reflector (Dish Antenna)
According to their applications and technology available, antennas generally fall in
one of two categories:

• Omnidirectional

The term omnidirectional implies an equal sensitivity in all directions.

An omnidirectional antennae will send or receive signals equally well in all directions.
• Directional or beam antennas which are
intended to preferentially radiate or receive in
a particular direction or directional pattern.
 RADIATION MECHANISM

How is radiation accomplished?

How are the electromagnetic fields generated
by the source?
And finally “detached” from the antenna to form
a free-space wave?
• Let us assume that an electric volume charge
density, represented by qv (coulombs/m3), is
distributed uniformly in a circular wire
of cross-sectional area A and volume V ,

• Total charge Q within volume V is moving in the z

direction with a uniform velocity Vz (meters/sec).

• Jz= qvVz
• If the wire is made of an ideal electric
conductor, the current density Js (amperes/m)
resides on the surface of the wire and it is
given by

• Js= qsVz
• surface charge density= qs (coulombs/m2)
• If the wire is very thin (ideally zero radius),
then the current in the wire can be
represented by

• Iz= qlVz
• ql (coulombs/m) = charge per unit length.
1. If a charge is not moving, current is not created and there
is no radiation.

2. If charge is moving with a uniform velocity:

a. There is no radiation if the wire is straight, and
infinite in extent.
b. There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent,
discontinuous, terminated, or truncated.

3. If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the

wire is straight.