NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

AGRICULTURE

KHARIF CAMPAIGN - 2012

Group – II
Water Management and Dry land Farming

Department of Agriculture
Andhra Pradesh
Extent of Dry land / Rainfed areas under
different Rainfall Zones
 Extent of Dry land / Rainfed areas under different Rainfall Zones –
2009-10
(Area in 000’ ha)
Normal % of
Extent of Extent of Net
Annual Rainfed Cropping
Rainfall Zones irrigated area Rainfed cropped
Rainfall Area to Intensity
(Net) area (Net) area
(m.m) Net area
Arid Zone (500-750 mm) 632 726 2162 2888 75 1.14
Sub Humid Zone (750-1150 mm) 956 2591 2619 5210 50 1.28
Humid Zone (> 1150 mm) 1178 898 996 1894 53 1.36
Andhra Pradesh 922 4215 5777 9992 58 1.26

12000

10000

8000

Arid Zone (500-750 mm)

6000
Sub Humid Zone (750-1150 mm)
Humid Zone (> 1150 mm)
4000
Andhra Pradesh

2000

0
Normal Annual Extent of Extent of Net cropped
Rainfall (m.m) irrigated area Rainfed area area
Source: D.E.S (Net) (Net)
District wise Normal Rainfall, Irrigated areas, Rainfed areas & Cropping Intensity
Normal Extent of % of % of
Extent of Extent of Net Gross
Annual Rainfed Rainfed Rainfed Cropping
S.No District irrigated Rainfed cropped cropped
Rainfall area Area to Area to Intensity
area (Net) area (Net) area Area
(m.m) (Gross) Net area Gross area
Arid Zone (500-750 mm)
1 Anantapur 552 129 772 696 825 901 84 86 1.09
2 Mahabubnagar 604 236 681 583 819 917 71 74 1.12
3 Kurnool 671 209 797 661 870 1006 76 79 1.16
4 Kadapa 700 152 321 222 374 473 59 68 1.26
Sub Total 632 726 2571 2162 2888 3297 75 78 1.14
Sub Humid Zone (750-1150 mm)
1 Nalgonda 753 264 321 190 454 585 42 55 1.29
2 Ranga Reddy 781 61 169 141 202 230 70 73 1.14
3 Guntur 853 368 428 243 611 796 40 54 1.30
4 Medak 868 110 444 317 427 554 74 80 1.30
5 Prakasam 872 206 422 386 592 628 65 67 1.06
6 Chittoor 934 149 255 207 356 404 58 63 1.13
7 Karimnagar 970 223 340 170 393 563 43 60 1.43
8 Warangal 994 245 312 189 434 557 44 56 1.28
9 Krishna 1034 298 418 161 459 716 35 58 1.56
10 Nizamabad 1036 134 286 125 259 420 48 68 1.62
11 Nellore 1080 255 174 97 352 429 28 41 1.22
12 Khammam 1124 158 281 239 397 439 60 64 1.11
13 Vizianagaram 1131 120 253 154 274 373 56 68 1.36
Sub Total 956 2591 4103 2619 5210 6694 50 61 1.28
Humid Zone (> 1150 mm)
1 West Godavari 1153 345 273 51 396 618 13 44 1.56
2 Adilabad 1157 64 570 511 575 634 89 90 1.10
3 Srikakulam 1162 162 243 123 285 405 43 60 1.42
4 Vishakapatnam 1202 72 243 185 257 315 72 77 1.23
5 East Godavari 1217 255 343 126 381 598 33 57 1.57
Sub Total 1178 898 1672 996 1894 2570 53 65 1.36
Andhra Pradesh 922 4215 8346 5777 9992 12561 58 66 1.26

Source: D.E.S
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES

5
 Andhra Pradesh – Agro-Climatic Zones
Geographical No. of No. of
Name of the Zone Rainfall
S.No Districts area Soil Type Cropping Pattern Mandals Research
and Headquarter (mm)
(Lakh ha) covered Stations
Srikakulam, Paddy, Mesta,
North Coastal Zone
1 Vizianagaram, 1000 - 1100 18.50 Red Soils Groundnut, Sugarcane, 88 5
(Anakapalle)
Vishakapatnam Sesamum
Godavari Zone East Godavari, Alluvial and Red Paddy - Paddy, Cotton,
2 1000 - 1200 17.50 96 6
(Maruteru) West Godavari Soils Maize, Blackgram
Paddy - Paddy,
Alluvial, Red Paddy - Blackgram /
Krishna, Guntur,
3 Krishna Zone (Lam) 800 - 1100 37.70 Soils, Black soils Greengram, Cotton, 161 12
Prakasam
and Coastal sands Chilliles, Tobacco,
Turmeric and Maize
Paddy, Cotton,
Southern Zone Chittoor, Kadapa, Red Soils & Black Chillies, Sunflower,
4 600 - 1000 41.70 161 8
(Tirupathi) Nellore soils Groundnut and
Redgram
Cotton, Jowar, Maize,
Karimnagar,
Northern Telangana Red Soils & Black Redgram, Greengram,
5 Nizamabad, 900 - 1150 35.50 144 6
Zone (Jagitial) soils Blackgram and
Adilabad
Chillies
Paddy, Redgram,
Central Telangana Warangal, Red Soils & Black Cotton, Chillies,
6 800 - 1150 30.60 132 7
Zone (Warangal) Khammam, Medak soils Maize, Greengram and
Blackgram
Paddy - Paddy,
Mahabubnagar,
Southern Telangana Red Soils & Black Paddy - Groundnut,
7 Nalgonda, Ranga 600 - 780 39.30 164 6
Zone (Palem) soils Castor, Maize, Chillies,
Reddy (+Hyderabad)
Greengram, Cotton
Paddy - Groundnut,
Scarce Rainfall Zone Red Soils & Black Groundnut - Redgram,
8 Kurnool, Anantapur 500 - 670 36.20 117 5
(Nandyal) soils Sunflower, Cotton,
Jowar and Maize
High altitude & tribal
High Altitude & Tribal areas of Srikakulam,
1400 and Bajra, Ragi, Sunflower,
9 areas Zone East Godavari, 18.00 Red Soils 40 3
above Maize, Blackgram
(Chintapalli) Khammam &
Adilabad districts
275.00 1103 58

Source:- ANGRAU
 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
 Erratic behavior of Rainfall leading to often Droughts
 Prolonged dry spells / Excess rains during critical stages of crop growth
leading to reduction in yields / crop failure
 Degraded & poor soils often subjected to runoff and soil erosion
 Limited scope for crop diversification / contingent cropping etc.
 Lack of adequate animal and mechanical traction
 Non availability of credit to resource poor & tenant farmers
 The inability of farmers to market, surplus produce – lack of storage
facility
 Poor transport facilities and road network in rural areas
 Small & Marginal holdings– difficulty in use of farm machinery
 Shortage of labour in dry lands – Migration to commands and urban
areas
 Dominated by resource poor and small and marginal farmers
 Inadequate extension reach for technology dissemination
 Shortage of grass lands / green fodder – obstacle for integrated farming
Natural Disasters
 Andhra Pradesh – Natural Disasters
• Disaster prone state
• Every year we face either Drought, Floods, Cyclones or Hailstorm
• It impacts large cropped areas reducing production and productivity
• Year wise position for last 15 years is given below
No.of Area
Type of
S.No Year Districts affected
Disaster
affected (ha)
1996-97 Heavy rains 9 553437
1
Total 9 553437
1.Drought 22 452021
1997-98
2 2. Heavy rains 3 36604
Total 488625
1.Heavy rains 20 554963
1998-99
3 2.Hail storm 1 15791
Total 21 570754
1999-
Drought 18 1252853
4 2000
Total 18 1252853
1.Floods 14 161202
2000-01
5 2.Hail storm 3 5105
Total 17 166307
1.Drought 22 478840
2001-02 2.Floods 7 36694
6
3.Hail storm 11 32385
Total 547919
2002-03 Drought 22 1371025
7
Total 22 1371025
1.Hail storm 9 52624
2003-04
8 2.Cyclone 6 265734
Total 15 318358
1.Drought 20 0
2004-05 2.T Sunami 4 282
9
3.Hail storm 16 123974
Total 124256
 (Contd..)
No.of Area
S.No Year Type of Disaster Districts affected
affected (ha)
2005-06 Floods 21 626153
10
Total 21 626153
1.Floods 14 841966
2006-07
11 2.Drought 9 663671
Total 1505637
1.Hail storm April & May 14 47120
12 2007-08 2.Heavy rains Aug, Sept & Oct 18 95146
3.Hail storm Feb & March 18 471838
Total 614104
1.Hail strom April 11 76867
2.Heavy rains Aug 13 167246
3. Heavy rains Sept 11 40281
2008-09
13 4. Cyclone Khaimukh 3 60871
5. Cyclone Nisha 7 42926
6. Hail storm March 7 8836
Total 397027
1.Hail strom April 9 6056
2.Hail storm May 11 1966
3. Drought 19 1544133
2009-10 4. Heavy rains Aug, Sept,
14 14 195980
October
5. Heavy rains Nov 9 176511
6. Hail storm Feb, March 9 29173
Total 1953819
1.Hail storm April & May 14 8817
2. Laila cyclone 8 12265
3. Heavy rains s.w. monsoon
21 198813
2010-11 (July, August, Sept)
15
4.Jal Cyclone (Nov) 21 435221
5. Heavy rains Dec 15 1079183
6. Hails storm Feb, March 6 12331
Total 1746630
1.Hail storm April 15 19906
2. Hail strom May 7 1378
2011-12
3. Heavy rains July 4 2726 Source:
16 4. Drought 22 3424156
5. Thane cyclone 6 80716 Dept.
Total
6. Heavy rains January 7 216580
3745462
of Agril
Extent of Land Degradation and other Problems
 Area
Degradation (Lakh ha)
%
Stable terrain 18.97 6.9
Slightly Erroded 39.84 14.5
Mod. Erroded 80.67 29.3 Abstract
Strongly Erroded 53.05 19.3 Area
Degradation %
Extremely Erroded 8.24 3.0 (Lakh ha)
Mod. Crusting 10.33 3.7 Stable 18.97 6.9
Severe Crusting 4.18 1.5 Erroded 181.80 66.1
Slightly Saline / Sodic 18.95 6.9 Crusted 14.51 5.2
Moderate Saline / Sodic 3.58 1.3
Saline / Sodic 26.95 9.8
Others 23.95 8.6
Storngly Saline / Sodic 4.42 1.6
Non Agri 7.82 3.4
Water logged 0.74 0.2
Rock land 19.67 7.1
Water Body 3.54 1.3
Habitation & Non Agri 7.82 3.4

Source: NBSS & LUP

Soil Health Status
Source: NBSS & LUP
Source: NBSS & LUP
 2.89
40.38
55.68
Source: NBSS & LUP
 Sulphur Deficiency in Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad

Srikakulam
Nizamabad Karimnagar Vizianagaram

Medak Warangal Visakhapatnam

Khammam
Rangareddi Hyderabad
East Godavari
Nalgonda
West Godavari

Krishna
Mahbubnagar Guntur

Prakasam
Kurnool
Legend
(% Deficiency)

20-30
31-40
Anantapur Cuddapah Nellore
41-50
51-60
61-70
Chittoor

Source: ANGRAU
Yield gaps between irrigated and rainfed areas
of important crops
 Yield gaps between irrigated and rainfed areas of
important crops – 2009-10

(Kgs / ha)
Irrigated Rainfed
S.No Crop Gap
area Yield area Yield
1 Rice 2963 1164 1799
2 Jowar 1139 969 170
3 Maize 6000 1947 4053
4 Ragi 1716 1077 639
5 Groundnut 2262 383 1879
6 Sunflower 913 379 534

Source: D.E.S
District wise Irrigation Source and
Coverage
 District wise Irrigation Source and Coverage – 2009-10
(Area in 000 ha)
Net Area Irrigated by Area
Gross
Irrigated
S.No District Tube- Other Area
Tanks Canals Dugwells Total more than
wells Sources Irrigated
once
1 Srikakulam 51.27 100.28 5.11 3.83 1.51 162.00 28.07 190.07
2 Vizianagaram 60.86 33.56 15.36 6.81 4.43 121.03 32.97 154.00
3 Vishakapatnam 14.11 27.36 9.43 5.81 16.59 73.30 29.69 102.99
4 East Godavari 14.03 169.03 61.73 0.11 10.46 255.35 148.60 403.95
5 West Godavari 1.80 180.02 153.02 3.51 6.82 345.17 197.64 542.80
6 Krishna 7.77 216.75 54.74 7.28 10.43 296.96 124.05 421.01
7 Guntur 4.92 274.76 62.70 6.46 20.60 369.43 87.37 456.80
8 Prakasam 14.74 70.45 97.69 4.85 17.64 205.37 16.33 221.70
9 Nellore 69.18 101.77 62.97 12.07 8.80 254.79 70.19 324.98
10 Chittoor 17.43 0.51 108.40 21.29 0.00 147.63 43.59 191.22
11 Kadapa 4.35 22.71 120.10 4.21 0.92 152.29 40.57 192.86
12 Anantapur 3.76 17.23 99.68 6.96 1.53 129.17 29.50 158.67
13 Kurnool 10.74 93.56 67.39 22.90 14.43 209.02 62.61 271.63
14 Mahabubnagar 6.39 31.94 172.37 14.15 10.96 235.80 79.06 314.86
15 Ranga Reddy 2.49 0.39 49.44 6.31 1.85 60.48 18.30 78.78
16 Medak 1.11 0.54 94.80 10.83 1.27 108.56 66.69 175.24
17 Nizamabad 3.69 0.63 122.71 3.32 2.33 132.68 107.18 239.86
18 Adilabad 4.57 5.41 29.32 23.48 0.88 63.66 17.13 80.79
19 Karimnagar 2.40 0.32 32.63 188.22 0.25 223.84 146.43 370.27
20 Warangal 11.36 0.00 72.91 158.24 2.02 244.53 91.99 336.52
21 Khammam 12.53 44.52 49.21 38.91 13.34 158.52 23.02 181.54
22 Nalgonda 12.31 53.70 154.28 38.25 6.23 264.77 88.66 353.42
Total 331.80 1445.45 1695.98 587.81 153.30 4214.34 1549.62 5763.96

• The area irrigated under canals is 14.45 lakh ha

• The area irrigated by Tubewells & Dugwells is 22.83 lakh ha
Source: D.E.S
Status of Groundwater Development and
Critical Areas
 Status of Groundwater Development
• 85 % of the state is covered by hard rock areas
• The groundwater is concentrated in certain pockets and is exploited
• Compact and unconsolidated rocks have limited porosity and permeability
hence less recharge capacity
Non-
S.No Description Command Total
command
1 Net annual groundwater availability in
12346 18415 30761
MCM
2 Current gross annual groundwater draft
3707 10438 14145
for all uses in MCM
3 Balance groundwater available for future
8639 7977 16616
use in MCM
4 Stage of development (%) 30 57 46
MCM: Million Cubic Meters

Number of Watersheds and Mandals in Different Categories

S.No Category Watersheds Mandals
1 Over Exploited 94 84
2 Critical 49 26
3 Semi Critical 102 93
4 Safe 984 905
Total 1229 1108
Source: Groundwater Dept.
 Source: NBSS & LUP

• Over exploited, Critical and Semi-critical category are groundwater stress areas requiring
high priority for conservation
• Intensive development of groundwater to take place in water logging areas to release
surplus canal supplies to water starved areas.
Graphical Analysis of PET with Monthly
Rainfall
 Graphical Analysis of PET with Monthly Rainfall

300 Rainfall
S.No Month PET (mm)
(mm)
250 1 January 8 142
2 February 6 158
200 3 March 10 201
4 April 16 230
150
Rainfall (mm)
5 May 52 254
6 June 108 173
100 PET (mm)
7 July 189 167
8 August 184 160
50
9 September 143 152
0
10 October 138 162
11 November 69 141
12 December 17 126
Total 940 2066

PET - Potential Evapo -transpiration

Current Fallows
 Current Fallows
(Area in 000 ha)
Actual Extent of
Cultivable Other
S.No Year Rainfall Current Total
Waste Fallows
(mm) fallows
1 2006-07 857 31.66 6.95 15.83 54.44
2 2007-08 1080 27.19 6.59 15.00 48.78
3 2008-09 847 26.24 6.50 14.88 47.62
4 2009-10 * 760 33.61 6.47 16.27 56.35
5 2010-11 1227 22.29 6.26 14.90 43.45
1400

1200

1000

Actual Rainfall (mm)

800
Extent of Current fallows
600 Cultivable Waste
Other Fallows
400

200

0
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
* Drought Year
Normal Rainfall - 940 mm

NB:- 1. There is a direct relation between the rainfall pattern and the extent of fallows
2. In drought year the fallows will increased
 OTHER REASONS FOR CURRENT FALLOWS

 During Kharif-2011 crop holiday was observed in 13 mandals of East

Godavari district
 An area of about 34000 ha was left fallow

Reasons
 Late release of canal water

 MSP not covering the actual cost of production

 Non-enforcement of existing MSP

 High cost of cultivation on account of high cost of labour and inputs

 Non-availability of labour in peak season of agricultural operation on

account of NREGS
 Non-availability of the Credit and quality inputs in time

 Ineffective procurement

 Insufficient storage space

 Poor drainage maintenance

 Apprehensions about AP Land licensed cultivators ordinance

 Delayed settlements of crop insurance

Shift in Cropping Pattern
 SHIFT IN CROPPING PATTERN (Lakh ha)

% of shift % of shift
S.No Crop 2001-02 2006-07 compared 2010-11 compared
to 2001-02 to 2001-02
1 Paddy 38.25 39.78 4 47.52 24
2 Jowar 6.39 4.23 -34 2.54 -60
3 Bajra 0.92 0.61 -34 0.67 -27
4 Maize 4.28 7.25 69 7.44 74
5 Pulses 19.19 19.84 3 21.31 11
Total Food crops incl.
6 70.56 72.74 80.29
other food crops 3 14
7 Groundnut 16.91 13.34 -21 16.22 -4
8 Sunflower 2.67 4.46 67 2.25 -16
9 Castor 2.84 2.02 -29 1.88 -34
10 Cotton 11.08 9.72 -12 17.76 60
11 Sugarcane 2.18 2.64 21 1.92 -12
 REASONS FOR SHIFT IN CROPPING PATTERN
Reasons for increase in crop areas
 The area under paddy and pulses increased due to NFSM interventions and supply
of inputs on subsidy
 Area under maize increased due to its short duration and remunerative price and
the crop was comparatively free from pest and diseases
 With the introduction of Bt Cotton the incidence of helicoverpa was reduced, yields
increased and prices are remunerative hence area increased

Reasons for decrease in crop areas

 Groundnut, Castor and Sunflower which are basically rainfed crops, area reduced
due to un-remunerative prices and drought
 Out break of pest and diseases like PSND (Peanut Stem Necrosis Disease) in
Groundnut,
 Semilooper and capsule borer in castor, Bihar Hairy Caterpillar in sunflower and ill
fillings of heads in sunflower.
 Non availability of good quality hybrid sunflower and castor seed also contributed
to the decline in oilseed area
 The area under sugar cane reduced due to increased cost of labour and high cost on
PP measures
 Area in Jowar & Bajra was replaced by Cotton and Maize in rainfed areas.
Farmers Suicide in Dry land Areas
 FARMERS SUICIDE IN DRY LAND AREAS
S.NO. District 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL

I Arid Zone (500-750 mm)

1 Ananthapur 90 85 45 44 37 0 301
2 Mahabunagar 30 29 17 4 1 0 81
3 Kurnool 68 66 59 22 32 5 252
4 Kadapa 26 21 10 4 1 0 62
Sub Total 214 201 131 74 71 5 696
II Sub Humid Zone (750-1150 mm)
1 Nalgonda 13 43 17 12 1 0 86
2 Ranga Reddy 21 18 25 23 0 0 87
3 Guntur 22 36 3 20 19 0 100
4 Medak 28 32 32 22 26 0 140
5 Prakasam 10 8 0 9 6 0 33
6 Chittoor 24 17 9 0 0 0 50
7 Karimnagar 55 64 42 0 0 0 161
8 Warangal 24 11 2 0 0 0 37
9 Krishna 4 2 4 6 2 0 18
10 Nizamabad 17 7 10 0 0 0 34
11 S.P.S.Nellore 2 2 3 0 0 0 7
12 Khammam 7 12 2 0 0 0 21
13 Vizanagaram 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Sub Total 227 252 149 93 54 0 775
III Humid Zone (> 1150 mm)
1 West Godavari 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
2 Adilabad 48 12 13 4 0 0 77
3 Srikakulam 0 1 1 2 1 0 5
4 Vishkapatanam 1 1 2 3 1 0 8
5 East Godavari 2 2 2 12 14 0 32
Sub Total 52 17 19 21 16 0 125
Andhra Pradesh 493 470 299 188 141 5 1596
36
 Analysis of fertility Index of NPK 2002-2010
Fertility Index
S.No Year
N P K
1 2002-03 1.46 1.75 2.43
2 2003-04 1.44 1.86 2.46
3 2004-05 1.44 1.91 2.58
4 2005-06 1.41 1.96 2.52
5 2006-07 1.45 1.98 2.52 Range :- Low -0-1.66,
6 2007-08 1.45 1.98 2.48
7 2008-09 1.47 2.11 2.58
Medium – 1.66-2.33,
8 2009-10 1.41 2.1 2.48 High - >2.33
9 2010-11 1.3 2 2.55
Average 1.43 1.96 2.51
Index Low Medium High

Fertility Index of NPK from 2002 to 2010

2.5
2002-03
2003-04
2 2004-05
Fertility index

2005-06
1.5 2006-07
2007-08

1 2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
0.5

0
N P K
Years
 Micronutrients Status

Percent below critical level (Deficient)

S.No Year Zinc Copper Iron Manganese
1 2004-05 39 12 10 18
2 2005-06 47 12 31 12
3 2006-07 48 13 25 17
4 2007-08 41 17 24 14
5 2008-09 44 12 23 13
6 2009-10 37 9 17 10
7 2010-11 43 10 28 11
Percent sample deficient 42.7 12 23 14

M icronutrie nts de ficie ncy status from 2004 - 2010

60

50
percent deficient

40

30

20

10

0
Zinc Copper Iron Manganese

years